Question 1

Why does the aggregate demand curve slope downward?

Accepted Answer

The aggregate demand curve slopes downward because rising price levels reduce the real value of money, making goods and services less affordable. Higher prices also increase interest rates and reduce exports, further lowering spending by households and businesses. This inverse relationship between price level and quantity demanded creates the downward slope.

Question 2

What causes the short-run aggregate supply curve to slope upward?

Accepted Answer

The short-run aggregate supply curve slopes upward due to profit incentives. When price levels rise, producing and selling goods becomes more lucrative for firms. This motivates businesses to hire more workers and increase production, even though their input costs may not rise immediately, creating the upward slope.

Question 3

How is equilibrium output determined in the AD-AS model?

Accepted Answer

Equilibrium output occurs where the aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves intersect. At this point, the total amount buyers wish to purchase exactly equals the amount firms are willing to sell. The coordinates of this intersection define both the equilibrium output level and the equilibrium price level for the economy.

Question 4

What happens to equilibrium when aggregate demand or supply shifts?

Accepted Answer

When either curve shifts due to changes like lower business taxes or higher household spending, the intersection point moves to a new location. This creates a new equilibrium with different output and price levels. The model demonstrates how external economic changes alter the economy's balance point.

Question 5

How do higher price levels affect consumer purchasing power in the AD-AS model?

Accepted Answer

Higher price levels reduce the real value of money, meaning each dollar buys fewer goods and services. This decreased purchasing power causes households to reduce their spending, which is a key reason the aggregate demand curve slopes downward and contributes to lower overall economic demand.

Question 6

What role does the AD-AS model play in explaining short-run economic changes?

Accepted Answer

The AD-AS model combines aggregate demand and aggregate supply to show how total output, prices, and employment are determined in the short run. By illustrating the intersection of these curves, the model provides a simple framework for understanding how economic shocks and policy changes affect the economy's equilibrium position.

Question 7

Why do interest rates and exports matter for the aggregate demand curve?

Accepted Answer

Higher price levels can raise interest rates, making borrowing more expensive and reducing investment spending. Additionally, higher domestic prices make exports less competitive internationally, causing exports to fall. Both effects reduce aggregate demand, reinforcing the downward slope of the demand curve.

均衡産出量と物価水準

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