Name: genetic drift simulation and hardy-weinberg lab prep
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:26:08.000Z
Duration: 1 min 53 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Biology

Evolution

Mechanisms

Hardy-Weinberg and Genetic Drift

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="7">数学的モデリング
</a></li><li><a href="#" data-time="21"> Hardy-Weinberg と遺伝的ドリフトのシミュレーション
</a></li></ul>

<ul class="lab-items"><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="色付きビーズ(各色、10色)">色付きビーズ(各色、10色)</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="500">500</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="スプレッドシート機能を持つラップトップ">スプレッドシート機能を持つラップトップ</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="紙袋">紙袋</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="ビーズ用の追加プラスチック容器">ビーズ用の追加プラスチック容器</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="紙皿">紙皿</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li></ul>

ハーディ・ワインバーグと遺伝的ドリフト

<ol class="note-items">
	<li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">数学的モデリング<button class="expand">Expand</button>
	<ul class="lab-items">
		<li data-sub-note-item="1-1">
		<div class="lab-step">数学的モデリングの演習を開始する前に、各コンピューターがオンラインまたはオフラインのスプレッドシートソフトウェアプログラムにアクセスできることを確認してください。</div>
		</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li data-note-item="2" data-parent-collapse="">ハーディ・ワインバーグと遺伝的ドリフトのシミュレーション<button class="expand">Expand</button>
	<ul class="lab-items">
		<li data-sub-note-item="2-1">
		<div class="lab-step">1つの色の50個と2番目の色の50個を数えて、生徒のペアごとに1セットのビーズを準備します。合計100個のビーズを数えます。</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="2-2">
		<div class="lab-step">次に、ビーズを紙袋に入れます。</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="2-3">
		<div class="lab-step">生徒は母集団の構成を調整するために追加のビーズも必要になります。これらはクラス全体の共同コンテナで提供することも、インストラクターが各生徒のペアに追加のセットを作成することもできます。</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="2-4">
		<div class="lab-step">次に、紙片を作成し、ハーディ・ワインバーグ均衡の違反をテストするさまざまな実験シナリオをこれらに書きます。</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="2-5">
		<div class="lab-step">次に、学生がどの遺伝的浮動シナリオをテストするかを決定するために、2番目の紙のスリップを作成します。</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="2-6">
		<div class="lab-step">最後に、ストリップに記載されている実験シナリオに必要な追加のビーズを設定します。</div>
		</li>
		<li data-sub-note-item="2-7">
		<div class="lab-step">注:突然変異違反には3番目の色のビーズがさらに50個必要になり、遺伝子フローのシナリオでは最初の2色のビーズが100個追加で必要になります。10個の対立遺伝子による創始者効果と10個の対立遺伝子による自然災害のシナリオをシミュレートするには、10色の異なる色から100個のビーズをランダムに選択します。</div>
		</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">ハーディ・ワインバーグの原則とは何ですか、そしてなぜそれが役立つのですか?</h4><p>ハーディ・ワインバーグの原理では、進化がない場合、集団の対立遺伝子頻度は世代を超えて同じままであると述べています。この原理は、集団遺伝学の帰無モデルとして使用され、科学者が進化のメカニズムを理解することを可能にします。
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">ハーディ・ワインバーグ均衡はどのように計算されますか?</h4><p>Hardy-Weinberg平衡は、個々の遺伝子型の各対立遺伝子(pおよびq)の頻度を掛けて、平衡状態の遺伝子型頻度を計算することによって計算されます。 <em>p</em><sup>2</sup> + 2<em>pq</em> + <em>q</em><sup>2</sup> = 1;<em>p</em> + <em>q</em> = 1
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">...


数理モデリング拡大
	
数学的モデリングの演習を開始する前に、各コンピューターがオンラインまたはオフラインにアクセスできることを確認してください...

Education

JoVE Lab Manual

生物学

進化

Lab Manual Sub Articles

ラボマニュアル詳細項目

genetic drift simulation and hardy-weinberg lab prep

<p class="jove_content">Genetic drift simulation and Hardy-Weinberg lab prep use beads and spreadsheet software to model changes in allele frequencies. Before starting the mathematical modeling exercise, make sure each computer has access to either online or offline spreadsheet software.</p>

<p class="jove_content">For the simulation, prepare one set of beads for each pair of students. Count out 50 beads of one color and 50 beads of a second color for a total of 100 beads, and place them in a paper bag. Students will also need extra beads to adjust the population makeup, and those can be kept in a shared class container or set up as additional bead sets for each pair.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Next, create paper slips that list the experimental scenarios used to test violations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Make a second set of slips to choose which genetic drift scenario the students will test. Set out any extra beads needed for those scenarios. A mutation violation needs 50 additional beads in a third color, and a gene flow scenario needs an extra set of 100 beads in the first two colors.</p>

<p class="jove_content">For the founder effect with 10 alleles and the natural disaster with 10 alleles, randomly select 100 beads from 10 different colors. This setup lets students compare how different population changes affect the model during the Hardy-Weinberg and genetic drift activity.</p>

Genetic Drift Simulation and Hardy-Weinberg Lab Prep

genetic-drift-simulation-and-hardy-weinberg-lab-prep

hardy-weinberg and genetic drift

Allele Frequency Shifts in Small Populations

Allele frequency shifts in small populations can be explored with the Hardy-Weinberg equation and genetic drift. In this activity, students model how dominant and recessive alleles change from one generation to the next. They use both a spreadsheet simulation and a bead-based lab to track those changes over time.<br /><br />The spreadsheet model begins with p, the frequency of allele A, and q, the frequency of allele B. Students enter starting values, then use random formulas and a concatenate function...

Genetic drift simulation and Hardy-Weinberg lab prep use beads and spreadsheet software to model changes in allele frequencies. Before starting the mathematical modeling exercise, make sure each computer has access to either online or offline spreadsheet software.<br /><br />For the simulation, prepare one set of beads for each pair of students. Count out 50 beads of one color and 50 beads of a second color for a total of 100 beads, and place them in a paper bag. Students will also need extra beads to...

lab manual sub articles

Set up a Hardy-Weinberg and genetic drift simulation with beads, paper slips, and spreadsheet software. Includes mutation, gene flow, founder effect, and natural disaster scenarios.

Genetic Drift Simulation and Hardy-Weinberg Lab Prep | JoVE K12

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.15

SC.912.L.15.12

SC.912.L.15.14

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-3.

Natural Selection and Evolution

HS-LS4-1.

HS-LS4-3.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SB6.d

<p>科学者たちはかつて、黄褐色のキリンの斑点のような優性形質が世代ごとに頻繁になり、暗褐色の斑点のような劣性形質に取って代わらないのはなぜか疑問に思っていました。この難問について考える中で、1908年に、ゴッドフリー・H・ハーディとヴィルヘルム・ワインバーグは、互いに独立して、今日ハーディ・ワインバーグ原理として知られ、この方程式で表される理論を独立して導き出しました。</p>
<p>この原則は、進化がない場合、つまり平衡状態では、集団の対立遺伝子と遺伝子型の頻度は、ある世代から次の世代まで一定のままであると述べています。この方程式を理解するために、キリンの例に戻りましょう。大文字のAは、優性であるため黄褐色の対立遺伝子を表し、小文字のaは劣性であるため茶色の対立遺伝子を表します。集団内のこれら2つの対立遺伝子の頻度は、それぞれpとqとして指定されます。では、対立遺伝子の頻度はどうやって知ることができるのでしょうか?さて、各個人には2つの対立遺伝子があります。この例では、遺伝子プール内の対立遺伝子の40%が黄褐色です。したがって、黄褐色の対立遺伝子 p の頻度は 0.4 であり、茶色の対立遺伝子 q の頻度は 0.6 です。p と q は常に 1 に等しいことに注意してください。</p>
<p>さて、ハーディ・ワインバーグの方程式に戻りましょう。方程式の各項は、1つの遺伝子型の頻度を表します。ホモ接合型優性遺伝子型の頻度は p 2 乗であり、ホモ接合劣性遺伝子は q 2 乗で表されます。ヘテロ接合性の遺伝子型は2pqです。ここで2を掛ける理由は、ヘテロ接合型を生成する方法が2つあるためです。これらを合わせると、遺伝子型の100%を占めています。したがって、合計周波数は 1 になります。キリンの例の p と q の値を使用して、キリンの個体群における色遺伝子対立遺伝子の遺伝子型分布を決定できます。したがって、Hardy-Weinbergの原理によれば、平衡状態では、キリンの個体数の16%がホモ接合性優性、48%がヘテロ接合性、36%がホモ接合性劣性になります。</p>
<p>このバランスを維持するために、ハーディ・ワインバーグ均衡原理は、人口が5つの主要な仮定を満たすべきであると述べています。ランダムな交配、大きな集団サイズ、突然変異、問題の遺伝子の選択、および集団への遺伝子の流入または集団からの流出がない必要があります。ほとんどの自然集団は、これらの仮定の少なくとも1つに違反しているため、平衡はまれですが、それにもかかわらず、この原則は集団遺伝学の帰無モデルとして使用されています。これらの期待値を集団の実際の遺伝子型頻度と比較することにより、その集団がハーディ・ワインバーグ均衡状態にあるかどうかを判断できます。そうでない場合は、何らかの形の進化または対立遺伝子頻度の変化が起こっていることを意味します。</p>
<p>進化についての一般的な誤解は、進化が起こるためには自然淘汰が必要であるというものです。ただし、常にそうであるとは限りません。遺伝的浮動は、自然淘汰なしに進化が起こり得る一つのメカニズムです。これは、偶然による集団の対立遺伝子頻度の変化として定義されます。これを想像するために、キリンの個体群の例に戻り、黄褐色と茶色の対立遺伝子が2つの異なる色の大理石で表されていると想像してみましょう。ここでは、各色が等しく豊富に始まると仮定します。この集団から新しい世代を始めるとしたら、個体のペアを繁殖させ、ペアごとに4つの対立遺伝子から選択する必要があります。繁殖ペアをランダムに選択すると、各色のビー玉が2つになるかもしれません。ただし、偶然だけで、一部のペアには1色の大理石しかない場合、または1つの色の3つともう1つの色の大理石があります。これらの偶然の偏差が複数のペアで50から50に逸脱して新しい世代が作成されることは、次の世代が各対立遺伝子の等しい混合物をもはや持っていないことを意味する可能性があります。</p>
<p>この相対的な対立遺伝子頻度の経時的な変動が、遺伝的浮動を定義します。したがって、対立遺伝子の頻度が環境に適した形質を選択するために変化する適応進化とは異なり、たとえば、メラニンの量が多いてんとう虫は、熱を吸収する能力が向上したため、寒い気候でよりよく生き残ることができますが、遺伝的浮動は、純粋に確率的変化による進化の一種を表しています。たとえば、壊滅的なイベントを通じて人口の一部をランダムに削除します。</p>
<p>このラボでは、Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium と集団の遺伝的浮動のコンピューター シミュレーションとカラー ビーズ シミュレーションを実行し、平衡の仮定に違反した場合に何が起こるかをテストします。</p>

hardy-weinberg tests for population change

<p class="jove_content">Hardy-Weinberg tests help scientists check whether a population is changing over time. Because evolution happens slowly and over large areas, researchers often use mathematical models to study it. These models use measurable data and computer simulations to predict how allele frequencies may shift across many generations.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation is one common model. It was developed independently in 1908 by G. H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg. The equation gives the expected allele frequency for a population that is not evolving, so it serves as a useful null hypothesis. If measured allele frequencies do not match the prediction, the gene may be undergoing evolutionary change.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The model is written as p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. In this equation, p is the frequency of the dominant allele and q is the frequency of the recessive allele. The three terms represent the expected frequencies of the three diploid genotypes: homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive. The allele version of the model is p + q = 1, since the two allele frequencies must total 1 in the population.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Hardy-Weinberg also depends on a set of assumptions. The population must be very large and closed, which means no individuals move in or out. There must be no mutations in the gene being studied. Individuals must mate at random, and natural selection must not be acting. When real data breaks one or more of these assumptions, the model can help point to what may be happening.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Genetic drift is one reason a small population can change by chance alone. This violates the large-population assumption of Hardy-Weinberg. One form of genetic drift is the founder effect. It happens when a small group leaves and starts a new isolated population. The genes carried by those founders shape future generations. In an extreme case, if the founders are all homozygous recessive, the dominant allele can disappear and the recessive allele can reach 100%.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A similar pattern is called the bottleneck effect. It can occur after a natural disaster, human intervention, or disease causes a major drop in population size. Genetic drift is not necessarily adaptive, because it does not specifically favor traits that fit the environment. Even so, it is an important evolutionary force in small populations and can create differences from Hardy-Weinberg predictions. In larger populations, those differences are more likely to suggest natural selection.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Scientists also use Hardy-Weinberg testing in modern studies of human and animal populations. One focus is how immune system genes relate to susceptibility to infectious disease. Researchers study genes such as CCR5 and the major histocompatibility complex, or MHC, called HLA in humans. By comparing genetic data with disease data, they can find patterns showing that some individuals are more resistant to certain infections while others are more likely to become ill. These studies have helped explain how infections have influenced evolution.</p>

Hardy-Weinberg Tests for Population Change

進化的変化は興味深く、研究することが重要ですが、個体群の変化は長期間にわたって巨大な物理的空間で発生し、...

hardy-weinberg-tests-for-population-change

JoVE Lab ManualのこのBiology評価クイズで、ハーディ・ワインバーグと遺伝的ドリフトの理解をテストしてください。学生の学習を評価するために設計されたビデオベースの質問を通じて主要な概念をカバーしています。

Biology の ハーディ・ワインバーグと遺伝的ドリフト - 評価クイズ | JoVE Lab Manual

この 16 分間の学生プロトコル動画で、ハーディ・ワインバーグと遺伝的ドリフト の手順をステップごとに学びましょう。JoVE Lab Manual の Biology コレクションの一部です。

Biology の ハーディ・ワインバーグと遺伝的ドリフト 学生プロトコル - 8.6K+ 回の視聴 | JoVE Lab Manual

What is Natural Selection?

Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become ...

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural ...

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to ...

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly ...

Natural Selection

Fitness
Widespread variation of phenotypes in natural populations provides the raw material for evolution, which is the change in the inherited traits of ...

Simulating Natural Selection
ExpandTo prepare for the lab, set out workstations for each student pair containing 6 white, 6 black, and 13 gray 12 inch ...

Simulating Natural Selection
ExpandTo begin, cut the white, black, and gray pipe cleaners into quarters, which should produce a total of 100 pieces that ...

Artificial Selection

Natural Selection and Adaptive Evolution
In natural settings, adaptive evolution takes place by natural selection, a process in which differences in ...

Observing Artificial Selection in Plants
ExpandTwo weeks before beginning the pollination experiments, collect a sufficient amount of small pots with a ...

Observing Artificial Selection in Plants 
ExpandTo begin the experiment, collect five two-week old grown plants from the generation one population that ...

What is Population Genetics?

A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, ...

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the ...

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions ...

Genetic Drift

Natural selection&#x2014;probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism&#x2014;increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and ...

Gene Flow

Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.

This ...

Evolutionary change is interesting and important to study, but changes in populations occur over long periods of time and in huge physical spaces and are ...


	Mathematical ModelingExpand
	
		
		Before beginning the mathematical modeling exercise make sure each computer has access to an either on or offline ...

Class Simulation
ExpandBegin by opening a new spreadsheet file. Following the Hardy-Weinberg equation where p is the frequency of a dominant allele A in a ...

Mechanisms
• Natural selection
• Mutation
• Genetic drift
• Gene flow (immigration, emigration)
• Sexual selection

Content elaboration: Natural selection is used to describe the process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent environmental pressures upon the survival and reproduction of individuals with the trait. Mathematical reasoning is applied to solve problems (e.g., use Hardy-Weinberg principle to explain deviations in observed gene frequency patterns in a population compared to expected patterns based on the assumptions of the principle). Populations evolve over time. Evolution through natural selection is the consequence of the interactions of:
1. The potential for a population to increase its numbers; 
2. The genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombination of genes; 
3. A finite supply of the resources required for life; and 
4. The differential survival and reproduction of individuals based on phenotype(s). 
Mutations are described in the content elaboration for Heredity. Apply the knowledge of mutation and genetic drift to real-world examples. Biological evolution explains the natural origins for the diversity of life. Emphasis shifts from thinking in terms of selection of individuals with a particular trait to changing proportions of a trait in populations as a result of the mechanisms of natural selection, genetic drift, movement of genes into and out of populations and sexual selection.

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. It uses a hierarchy of increasingly ...

Phylogeny

Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon ...

evolutionary-relationships-through-genome-comparisons

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is ...

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a ...

Phylogenetic Trees

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term &#8220;synteny&#8221; in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not ...

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was ...

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of ...

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new ...

comparing-copy-number-variations-and-snps

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist ...

Speciation
• Biological classification expanded to molecular evidence
• Variation of organisms within a species due to population genetics and gene frequency

Content elaboration: Biological classification expanded to molecular evidence
Classification systems are frameworks, developed by scientists, for describing the diversity of organisms; indicating the degree of relatedness among organisms. Recent molecular sequence data generally support earlier hypotheses regarding lineages of organisms based upon morphological comparisons. Both morphological and molecular comparisons can be used to describe patterns of biodiversity (cladograms present hypotheses to explain descent from a common ancestor with modification). The concept of descent from a common ancestor with modification provides a natural explanation for the diversity of life on Earth as partially represented in the fossil record and in the similarities of existing species. 
Variation of organisms within a species due to population genetics and gene frequency
Different phenotypes result from new combinations of existing genes or from mutations of genes in reproductive cells. At the high school level, the expectation is to combine grade 8 knowledge with an explanation of genes and the function of chromosomes. Natural selection works on the phenotype. Heritable characteristics influence how likely an organism is to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. When an environment changes, the survival value of inherited characteristics may change. This may or may not cause a change in species that inhabit the environment. Use real-world examples to illustrate natural selection, gene flow, sexual selection, and genetic drift.

Speciation

Genetic Drift Simulation and Hardy-Weinberg Lab Prep

Learning Objectives

ハーディ・ワインバーグの原則とは何ですか、そしてなぜそれが役立つのですか?

ハーディ・ワインバーグ均衡はどのように計算されますか?

Lab Prep

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