Name: leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:26:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.2

Photosynthesis

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="4"> 植物色素クロマトグラフィーと真空中でのフローティングリーフディスク
</a></li></ul>

<ul class="lab-items"><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="クロマトグラフィーストリップ(18 X 3-4 cmストリップ)">クロマトグラフィーストリップ(18 X 3-4 cmストリップ)</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="クロマトグラフィー溶媒 (90% 石油エーテル & 10% アセトン, 10 mL)"> クロマトグラフィー溶媒 (90% 石油エーテル & 10% アセトン, 10 mL)</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="50">50</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="mL">mL</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="パイプクリーナー">パイプクリーナー</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="プラスチック使い捨て注射器 (20 mL)">プラスチック使い捨て注射器 (20 mL)</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="ペーパークリップ">ペーパークリップ</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="ペトリディッシュ ">ペトリディッシュ </div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="プラスチック/ガラスビーカー(400mL)">プラスチック/ガラスビーカー(400mL)</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="15">15</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="穴あけパンチ ">穴あけパンチ </div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="定規">定規</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="油性マーカー">油性マーカー</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="鉛筆">鉛筆</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="Dawn 食器用洗剤 (1 本)">Dawn 食器用洗剤 (1 本)</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="1">1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="ステーションごと">ステーションごと</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="ほうれん草の葉 ">ほうれん草の葉 </div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="ラボのサイズに依存 ">ラボのサイズに依存 </span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="重曹/重曹">重曹/重曹</div>
								<div class="ingredient-amount">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="ラボのサイズに依存 ">ラボのサイズに依存 </span>
								</div>
							</li></ul>

光合成

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse=""> 植物色素クロマトグラフィーと真空中のフローティングリーフディスク
<button class="expand">expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">実験の前日に容器に水を入れてください。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">ほうれん草の葉を水に入れ、それらが水没していることを確認します。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">ほうれん草の葉を室温で一晩浸しておきます。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">手袋を着用して、クロマトグラフィー紙の18 cm x 304 cmの切片を準備して測定します。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-5"><div class="lab-step">0.25 g NaHCO3 と 300 mL の水を組み合わせて、2 回目の実験用の重炭酸塩溶液を準備します。溶液に食器用洗剤を1回加え、穏やかに混ぜます。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-6"><div class="lab-step">溶液がまだ泡立っている場合は、重炭酸塩を追加してください。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-7"><div class="lab-step">対照溶液として、300mLの水と食器用洗剤1回の噴出を組み合わせます。やさしく混ぜて、泡を避けるようにしてください。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-8"><div class="lab-step">実験が始まる直前に、大きな葉脈が多すぎず、同じような滑らかさと厚さのほうれん草の葉をいくつか選択してください。
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-9"><div class="lab-step">穴あけパンチを使用して、各学生またはグループの葉から20枚の均一なディスクを作成します。
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">光合成とは何ですか?</h4><p>光合成とは、太陽光を使用可能で貯蔵可能なエネルギーに変換することです。独立栄養生物(植物など)は、二酸化炭素、水、および太陽光から利用されたエネルギーを使用して、光合成によってグルコースと酸素を生成するため、食物網の主要なエネルギー源を提供します。
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">植物はどのように太陽からのエネルギーを利用していますか?</h4><p>植物は、太陽光からのエネルギーを吸収することを可能にするクロロフィルなどの色素を生成します。例えば、光エネルギーは顔料分子の電子を励起します。このエネルギーは後で利用され、単糖の化学結合に変換されます。
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">植物細胞のどの部分が光合成に関与していますか?</h4><p>葉緑体は、チラコイドと呼ばれる最も内側の膜層に色素を含んでおり、主に光合成を行う役割を担っています。...

植物色素クロマトグラフィーと真空中でのフローティングリーフディスク
実験の前日に、容器に水を入れます。
ほうれん草を...

Education

JoVE Lab Manual

生物学

Cellular Processes

細胞プロセス

Lab Manual Sub Articles

ラボマニュアル詳細項目

leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs

<p class="jove_content">Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one squirt of dish soap and mix gently. If the solution stays sudsy, add more bicarbonate.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A control solution is prepared separately with 300 mL water and one squirt of dish soap. Mix this gently and avoid creating suds. Just before the lab begins, choose spinach leaves that are similar in smoothness and thickness and do not have too many large veins. Use a hole punch to make 20 uniform discs for each student or group.</p>

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

leaf-pigment-prep-for-chromatography-labs

photosynthesis

Spinach Pigments and Leaf Disc Photosynthesis

Spinach leaves contain pigments that can be separated by chromatography. In this lab, chromatography paper is used to move the pigments at different rates so their colors and positions can be compared. By measuring how far each pigment travels and calculating its retention factor, or Rf value, students can identify the pigments by matching them with literature values.<br /><br />The chromatography setup starts with a pencil line drawn 2 centimeters from one end of the paper. A spinach leaf is pressed...

Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.<br /><br />The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one...

lab manual sub articles

Prepare spinach leaves, chromatography paper, bicarbonate solution, and leaf discs for a high school photosynthesis lab on pigments and floating discs.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs | JoVE K12

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.E

3.1.9-12.J

3.1.9-12.K

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Environmental Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.e

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

3.2.1 9L.3.2.1.3

Next Generation Science Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-5.

<p>毎年秋になると木々の葉が緑から黄色、オレンジ、赤の色合いに変わるのはなぜか疑問に思ったことはありませんか?そもそも葉に明るい色を与えるものは何ですか?その答えは、葉緑体と呼ばれる植物の細胞小器官にあり、葉緑体には、太陽光で特定の波長を吸収し、他の波長を反射する色素が含まれています。特定の色素の1つであるクロロフィルは、夏に最も豊富です。太陽光から高エネルギー、紫、青、赤の波長を吸収し、緑の波長を反射して葉に緑色の外観を与えます。葉には、カロテノイドなど、赤と黄色の光を反射する他の色素があります。秋になると、葉は色素の補充を停止します。クロロフィルは他の色素よりも早く分解されるため、これらのカロテノイドの色はマスクされません。</p><p>緑の葉に異なる顔料が存在することは、特定の溶媒への溶解度に基づいて分子を分離する親水性ポリマーであるクロマトグラフィーペーパーで実証できます。まず、葉の抽出物を紙にセットします。紙を有機疎水性溶媒に浸すと、溶媒は毛細管現象により紙に沿って移動し、葉抽出物中のさまざまな色素を分離します。最も疎水性の高い顔料は、紙のさらに上に運ばれます。一方、親水性顔料はセルロースに結合し、セルロースの動きを妨げます。すべての顔料を疎水性で分類した後、保持係数またはRf値を計算できます。Rf値は、顔料が移動した距離と溶媒が移動した距離の比率です。各顔料には固有のRf値があり、計算値を標準と比較することで顔料を簡単に識別できます。植物が二酸化炭素、水、光エネルギーを化学エネルギーと酸素に変換するプロセスである光合成は、主に植物の葉で行われ、クロロフィルはこのプロセスで重要な役割を果たします。葉緑体には数十のクロロフィル分子が含まれており、それぞれが特定の役割を果たし、複雑に相互作用します。最終的に、光エネルギーはクロロフィル分子に電子を放棄させ、他の代謝プロセスで利用されます。したがって、クロロフィルは、失った電子を置き換えるために電子の継続的な供給を必要とします。これらの置換電子は、水分子を陽子、電子、酸素分子に分解することに由来します。光合成の速度が高いと、水はより速く分割されて電子を補充し、酸素は急速に生成されます。</p><p>この現象は、重炭酸塩が炭素の豊富な供給源として機能する重炭酸塩溶液に葉の円盤を懸濁するだけで、実験室での光合成速度を評価するのに役立ちます。リーフディスク実験の開始時に、シリンジ内の真空で負圧を加えることにより、ガスをリーフディスクから押し出します。ガスが排出されたリーフディスクは重くなり、ビーカーに移すと重炭酸塩溶液の底に沈みます。光合成が行われると、クロロフィル電子を補充するために環境中の水が分割されます。結果として生じる酸素はディスクを軽くし、時間の経過とともにディスクを表面に浮かべます。光合成の速度が高い環境では、ディスクはより速く浮かびます。</p><p>このラボでは、まずクロマトグラフィーペーパーを使用してほうれん草の葉の色素を分離し、同定します。次に、水と重炭酸塩溶液中での光合成速度をリーフディスク実験で評価します。</p>

photosynthesis: light, sugars, and carbon

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis turns sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process powers most life on Earth by helping autotrophs, or primary producers, make food. The glucose they make can provide quick energy or be stored as starch for later use. Consumers depend on these producers for energy.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis happens in many kinds of organisms. Cyanobacteria, some protists such as algae, and plants can all carry out this process. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the chloroplast. Chloroplasts look green because they contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light at specific wavelengths.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Plants use several pigments to capture light. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light. Other pigments, including carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains, absorb or reflect different wavelengths and often appear yellow to red. In autumn, when chlorophyll levels drop in temperate regions, these pigments become visible and leaves change color.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis has two main stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. These stages happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and an inner thylakoid membrane that forms disc-like folds. The space between the inner membrane and thylakoids is the stroma.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-dependent reactions begin in the thylakoid membrane when sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll. Those electrons move through an electron transport chain, dropping to lower energy levels and releasing energy. The cell uses that energy to make ATP and NADPH. Water splitting, also called hydrolysis, replaces the lost electrons in chlorophyll. This process releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps keep the flow of electrons going.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. They use ATP and NADPH from the first stage to build a three-carbon sugar from carbon dioxide. That sugar can then be turned into glucose or other biomolecules. This is also called carbon fixation or carbon sequestration because carbon is pulled from the atmosphere and stored in living molecules.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis plays a major role in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide moves between reservoirs at a steady pace, but changes in that flow can upset the balance. Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, more of it in the atmosphere can raise temperatures. Much of the extra carbon dioxide comes from burning fossil fuels, which returns ancient carbon to the air very quickly.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Forests and ocean algae help lower carbon dioxide levels, so deforestation is a serious concern in a changing climate. Scientists are also studying artificial photosynthesis as a way to make carbon-neutral biofuels. Like solar panels, these methods take energy from the sun and store it as chemical energy instead of electricity. Researchers have also used photosynthetic bacteria to make simple sugars, lactic acid, biodegradable plastics, and even medically useful compounds, including substances studied for cancer diagnosis and treatment.</p>

Photosynthesis: Light, Sugars, and Carbon

独立栄養生物

地球上のほとんどすべての生物は、太陽光のエネルギーを単糖に変換するプロセスである光合成に依存しています...

JoVE Lab ManualのこのBiology評価クイズで、光合成の理解をテストしてください。学生の学習を評価するために設計されたビデオベースの質問を通じて主要な概念をカバーしています。

Biology の 光合成 - 評価クイズ | JoVE Lab Manual

この 8 分間の学生プロトコル動画で、光合成 の手順をステップごとに学びましょう。JoVE Lab Manual の Biology コレクションの一部です。

Biology の 光合成 学生プロトコル - 32K+ 回の視聴 | JoVE Lab Manual

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
Organisms contain a wide variety of organic molecules with numerous functions which depend on the chemical structures and properties of these ...

Solution Preparation
ExpandCAUTION: It is important to always use care when handling reagents. For example, iodine will stain clothes and skin so wear ...

Identifying Macromolecules with Indicator Solutions
ExpandHYPOTHESES: In this activity, the experimental hypothesis might be that the addition of an ...

pH Regulation in Cells

pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge ...

Chemistry of the Cell

Overview of Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of ...

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the ...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Lipids?

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins ...

Fibrous Proteins

Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of ...

Protein Denaturation

The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...

Role of Proteins in the Human Body

Proteins are the building block of life. They are also&#160; the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of ...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group ...

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, ...

Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

LS.Bio.1.1

Introduction to Enzymes

The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an ...

Enzymes and Activation Energy

The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to ...

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate ...

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from ...

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at ...

introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple &#34;lock-and-key&#34; fashion. This model stated that the enzyme ...

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Ribozymes

Carry out investigations to illustrate how enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions and how environmental factors affect enzyme activity.

LS.Bio.1.2

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments present within the cell, having three distinct filaments ...

Introduction to Actin

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle ...

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Myosins are a family of molecular motor proteins, first identified in the skeletal muscles, where they are responsible for muscle contraction. Along with ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Microtubules

Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory ...

The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of ...

Types of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and ...

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between ...

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For ...

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism&#x2019;s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way ...

Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains &#8212; Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common microorganisms, such as ...

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells represent two fundamental types of cellular organization, differing significantly in structure, complexity, and function. ...

Construct explanations to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of structures and degree of complexity.

LS.Bio.1.4

The DNA Helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA ...

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Construct an explanation to summarize how DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of proteins.

LS.Bio.1.5

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

Learning Objectives

光合成とは何ですか?

植物はどのように太陽からのエネルギーを利用していますか?

Lab Prep

Transcript

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