Name: water movement through earth systems
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Water Cycle

水圏とは惑星上で 水が発生している場所を指します 地球の水の大半は 海水であり、そこでは水の分子は 3000年も存在しつづけており これを滞留時間と呼びます 湖や河川など 貴重な水源の水分子は、素早く循環しています その循環とは まず太陽のエネルギーによって温められた水が 海面や河川、湖の表面から蒸発し やがて雲を形成します そして水は雨となって地球の表面に戻ってきます そこから河川や湖を通して 海に流れ込みます または、土中にしみ込んで帯水層にたまるか または、地下水の表面を通るか または、陸上植物の蒸散によって 再度蒸発します

ハムリントン、BD、JTリーガー、MHロー、K. B. カルナウスカス、RR レーベン。"Separating Decadal Global Water Cycle Variability from Sea Level Rise." Scientific Reports 7 (2017年4月20日).[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00875-5" target="__blank">ソース</a>]

Haddeland, Ingjerd, Jens Heinke, Hester Biemans, Stephanie Eisner, Martina Flörke, Naota Hanasaki, Markus Konzmann, et al. "Global Water Resources Affected by Human Interventions and Climate Change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 9 (2014年3月4日): 3251–56.[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222475110" target="__blank">ソース</a>]

水の循環

地球の水域は、水の貯蔵と移動が行われているすべての領域を含みます。水はすべての生物プロセスの基礎であるため、水の循環は生態系のダイナミクスにとって非常に重要です。
 
 水循環は、太陽によって陸や海の表面の水が温められ、蒸発して水蒸気として大気中に入ることから始まります。水蒸気は凝縮して雲となり、最終的には雨、雪、あられなどの形で降水となって降り注ぎます。
 
 地球に戻ってきた水は、大きな水域に入り、再び蒸発し、流出水として地表に残るか、または土壌に浸透し、植物に吸収されて蒸散（葉の気孔から放出され、大気中に蒸発する）するか、または地下水になることがあります。深い地下水は貯水池や帯水層を形成し、浅い地下水は最終的に水域に到達し、そこで地表水として蒸発して循環を続けます。
 
 <h4>長期保存</h4>
 
 人間の細胞の70%以上は水であり、陸上のほとんどの生物は生存のために新鮮な水を必要とします。しかし、地球上の水の97.5％は塩水であり、川や湖などで利用できる淡水は1％にも満たないです。地球上のほとんどの水は、氷、地下水、または海や海洋の塩水として存在し、多くの動植物や菌類がアクセスできず、短期的な循環もできません。これらの形態では、水は水循環に入る前に、滞留時間と呼ばれる長い時間をかけて蓄えられます。
 
 <h4>短期的な水循環</h4>
 
 太陽のエネルギーで温められた陸や海の表層水は、蒸発、昇華（氷が固体から気化すること）、蒸散（植物から水が蒸発すること）を経て大気中に入ります。その後、水蒸気は凝縮して雲となり、最終的には降水（雨や雪など）となって地球上に降り注ぎます。地表に戻った水は、水域を満たすか、再び地面から蒸発するか、土壌に浸透して植物に吸収・蒸散されるか、地下水として地表の下に流れるか、帯水層に長期間にわたって貯留されるかのいずれかです。

地球の水圏には、水の貯蔵と移動が発生するすべての領域が含まれています。水はすべての生命プロセスの基礎であるため、...

Education

JoVE Core

生物学

Ecology

生態学

Ecosystems

生態系

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

water movement through earth systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics.

The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and by transpiration, which is water released from plant leaves and then evaporated.

Water vapor cools and condenses into clouds. It later falls back to Earth as precipitation, such as rain, snow, or hail. After that, the water may collect in large bodies of water, evaporate again from the ground, run off across the surface, or seep into soil.

Some water in the soil is absorbed by plants and returned to the atmosphere through transpiration. Some becomes groundwater, which moves below the surface. Deep groundwater can form reservoirs called aquifers, while shallow groundwater eventually reaches a body of water and can evaporate again as surface water.

Water also stays stored for long periods before it enters the cycle again. Human cells are over 70% water, and almost all land organisms need fresh water to survive. Yet 97.5% of Earth’s water is saltwater, and less than 1% of freshwater is accessible in rivers and lakes.

Most water on Earth is locked up as ice, groundwater, or saltwater in the oceans and seas. These stores have long residence times, which means the water remains there for extended periods. They are not part of short-term cycling until the water moves back into the active water cycle.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Track how water moves through Earth’s systems by evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, transpiration, and groundwater storage.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems | JoVE K12

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Water Movement Through Earth Systems

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