Name: reading element symbols and isotope notation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

元素とは 1種類の原子しか含まない 純粋な物質のことです 現在118種類の元素が 発見されており 自然界に存在するか 実験室で合成されています 元素はその存在量が 大きく異なります 地球の地殻に 最も多く存在する元素は 酸素 ケイ素 アルミニウム 鉄 カルシウムです それに比べて 地球の大気は ほとんどが窒素と 酸素でできています 周期表の各マスには 最低でも 原子番号と化学記号が 記載されています 化学記号は 元素に与えられた 1文字または2文字の略語です 最初の文字は大文字で 2つの元素を含む 化合物との混同を避けるために 2番目の文字は 必要に応じて小文字にします 多くの場合 この記号は 元素の英語名の 最初の1文字か2文字です しかし ギリシャ語やラテン語 ドイツ語由来の記号もあります 化学記号には 詳細情報を 追加することができます 陽子の数でもある原子番号は 左の下付き文字の位置に 記載されています この数は特定の元素については 常に同じであり 変化しないので 省略されることもあります 陽子と中性子の数の合計である 質量数は 左の上付き文字の位置に 記載されています この番号は 炭素12や炭素13のように 特定元素の同位体を定義します 同位体とは 原子核に含まれる 中性子の数は異なりますが 陽子の数（原子番号も同じ）は同じである 元素の各種のことです このため 原子質量は 異なりますが 原子の電荷には影響しません 例えば 水素には自然界に 3つの同位体が存在します 一番多いのは 中性子を含まない水素 2番目は中性子を 1個含む重水素 3番目は中性子を 2個含むトリチウムです 標準的な水素原子と重水素は 自然界で安定していますが トリチウムのような他の同位体は エネルギーを放出することで 崩壊して別の物質に変わります これらは放射性同位元素として 知られています

<ol>
	<li>Pothoof, Justin, Grace Nguyen, Dawn Archey, E. Prasad Venugopal, and Mark A. Benvenuto. "Element 118: Teaching A New Element to New Students." in Elements Old and New: Discoveries, Developments, Challenges, and Environmental Implications, pp. 195-201.アメリカ化学会、2017年。</li>
	<li>クレブス、ロバートE.私たちの地球の化学元素の歴史と使用:リファレンスガイド。グリーンウッド出版グループ、2006年。</li>
	<li>クレイトン、ドナルド。宇宙の同位体のハンドブック:水素からガリウムへ。第1巻。ケンブリッジ大学出版局、2003年。</li>
</ol>

元素：化学記号と同位体

元素記号は、元素または元素の一つの原子を示すために使用される省略形です。 たとえば、水銀の元素記号は Hg です。 水銀の 1 つの原子（微視的領域）を示す場合や、元素水銀の多くの原子（巨視的領域）の容れ物にラベルを付ける場合にも、同じ記号が使用されます。 
 
 一部の元素記号は、元素の一般的な英語名から派生しています。その他の記号は、ラテン語、ギリシャ語、ドイツ語など、別の言語の名前の省略形です。 たとえば、アルミニウム（一般名）の元素記号は Al ですが、鉄の元素記号はラテン語の名前「 Ferrum 」から派生した Fe です。 ほとんどの元素記号には 1 文字または 2 文字がありますが、 112 より大きい原子番号を持つ一部の元素を表すために 3 文字の記号が使用されています。 他の表記法との混同を避けるために、元素記号の最初の文字のみ大文字にします。 たとえば、 Co はコバルト元素の記号ですが、 CO は一酸化炭素化合物の表記法で、炭素（ C ）と酸素（ O ）の元素の原子が含まれています。 
 
 従来は、新しい元素の発見者（または発見者たち）が元素に名前を付けていました。 ただし、名前が国際純正・応用化学連合（ IUPAC ）に認識されるまでは、新しい元素の推奨される名前は原子番号のラテン語に基づいています。 例えば、元素 106 は ウンニルヘキシウム（ UNH ）と呼ばれ、元素 107 は ウンニルセプチウム（ UNS ）と呼ばれ、元素 108 は数年間 ウンニルオクチウム （ Uno ）と呼ばれていました。 これらの元素は現在、科学者（または場合によっては場所）にちなんで命名されています。例えば、元素 106 は、いくつかの重金属の発見に積極的に取り組んだノーベル賞受賞者グレン・シーボーグを記念して、現在は シーボーギウム（Sg）と呼ばれています。  
 
 周期表のそれぞれの四角には 、原子番号（陽子の数）と元素記号が含まれています。  
 
 同位体の場合、質量数または陽子と中性子の合計数が、元素記号と原子番号とともに示されます。 質量番号は、元素の特定の同位体であることを示します。 例えば、窒素の 2 つの同位体は次のようになります。 
 
 <img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jovecore.com/CDNSource/lessons/805/805_Equation_1.png" style="height: 25px;" />
 
 元素の特定の同位体を表す記号は、質量番号を元素記号の左に上付き文字として配置して記述します。 原子番号は元素記号と同じく、元素の固有性を定義するため、省略されることがよくあります。 たとえば、マグネシウムは 3 つの同位体の混合物として存在し、それぞれ原子番号は 12 で、質量番号は 24 、 25 、 26 です。 これらの同位体は24Mg 、25Mg 、 26Mg として識別できます。 これらの同位体の記号は「元素、質量数」として読み、この読み方に沿って記号化することができます。 たとえば、24Mg は「マグネシウム 24 」と読み、「マグネシウム -24 」または「 Mg-24 」として記述できます。 25 Mgは「マグネシウム 25 」として読み、「マグネシウム -25 」または「 MG-25 」として記述できます。 すべてのマグネシウム原子の核には 12 個の陽子があります。 これらの違いは24Mg 原子の原子核には 12 個の中性子があり、 25Mg 原子には 13 個の中性子があり、 26Mg には 14 個の中性子があるという点です。 
 
 水素の同位体は、標準的な名称や記号に加えて、一般的な名称や付属の記号を使用して呼ばれることが多いことに注意してください。 2H を記号とする水素 -2 は重水素とも呼ばれ、時々 D と記号化されることもあります。 3H を象徴する水素 -3 はトリチウムとも呼ばれ、 T と記号化することもあります。 
 
 このテキストは <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-3-atomic-structure-and-symbolism">Openstax Chemistry 2e 、第 2.3 節： Atomic Structure and Symbolism から引用したものです。</a>

化学記号は、元素または元素の原子を示すために使用される略語です。たとえば、水銀の記号はHgです。同じ記号が...

Education

JoVE Core

化学

Atoms and Elements

原子と元素

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

reading element symbols and isotope notation

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample.

Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum. Most symbols have one or two letters. Some elements with atomic numbers greater than 112 have used three-letter symbols.

Capital letters matter in chemical symbols. Only the first letter is capitalized to avoid confusion with other notation. Co means cobalt, but CO means carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contains carbon, C, and oxygen, O. New element names are usually chosen by the discoverer, but they must be recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC.

Before IUPAC approves a new name, temporary names based on Latin number words may be used. Element 106 was called unnilhexium, with the symbol Unh. Element 107 was unnilseptium, Uns. Element 108 was unniloctium, Uno. These elements are now named after scientists or sometimes places. Element 106 is now seaborgium, Sg, named for Glenn Seaborg, who helped discover several heavy elements.

The periodic table gives key information in each square. It includes the atomic number and a chemical symbol. The atomic number is also the number of protons. For isotopes, the mass number is shown too. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons, and it identifies the specific isotope.

Isotope symbols place the mass number as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. The atomic number is often left out because the symbol already identifies the element. Magnesium has three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26. They can also be written as 24 Mg, 25 Mg, and 26 Mg. Each magnesium atom has 12 protons, but they differ in neutrons. Magnesium-24 has 12 neutrons, magnesium-25 has 13, and magnesium-26 has 14.

Hydrogen isotopes also have special names. Hydrogen-2, written as 2 H, is called deuterium and may also be shown as D. Hydrogen-3, written as 3 H, is called tritium and may also be shown as T. These names and symbols are commonly used alongside the standard isotope notation.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

reading-element-symbols-and-isotope-notation

the atomic theory of matter

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

Dalton’s atomic theory explains matter with atoms, elements, and compounds. It also shows how chemical changes follow simple laws. This idea gave chemistry a microscopic model for what can be seen in the lab. The earliest recorded ideas about matter came from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus said all matter was made of tiny, finite particles called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Aristotle and others later argued that matter was made from four elements: fire, earth, air, and...

subatomic particles

Atomic Structure: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Atomic structure is built from three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms make up all matter, and these particles explain an atom’s mass and charge. The electron was first identified at the end of the 19th century by J.J. Thomson. He used a cathode ray tube, a sealed glass tube with almost all the air removed and two metal electrodes. When high voltage was applied, a visible beam called a cathode ray formed. The beam bent toward positive charge and away from negative...

elements: chemical symbols and isotopes

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample. Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum.

ions and ionic charges

Predicting Ion Charges on the Periodic Table

Ion charges can often be predicted from an element’s position on the periodic table. In chemical reactions, the nucleus stays unchanged, but electrons may be transferred, lost, or shared. When atoms gain or lose electrons during compound formation, they become ions, which are electrically charged particles. A positive ion is called a cation. A cation has more protons than electrons because it lost electrons. A negative ion is called an anion. An anion has more electrons than protons because it...

the periodic table

Periodic Table Patterns and Element Groups

The periodic table organizes elements by repeating patterns in their properties. Chemists first noticed that some elements behaved alike, so they grouped them by chemical behavior. Lithium, sodium, and potassium are one example. They are shiny and conduct heat and electricity well. Calcium, strontium, and barium form another group with similar physical and chemical properties. Yet these two groups are not the same. The lithium group is much more reactive, and its elements form oxygen compounds...

atomic mass

Average Atomic Mass and Isotopes

Average atomic mass explains why many elements on the periodic table have decimal values. Atoms are extremely small, so scientists use the atomic mass unit, or amu, to measure them. A carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g, and the amu is defined from carbon-12. One amu is exactly 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom, which is 1.6605 × 10−24 g. The dalton (Da) and the unified atomic mass unit (u) mean the same thing as the amu. For a single atom, atomic mass is usually close to its mass...

molar mass

Mole, Mass, and Avogadro’s Number

The mole links mass and the number of particles in a substance. It gives chemists a standard way to count atoms and molecules in samples that are far too small to see. It also helps show why substances with the same kinds of atoms can still have very different properties, like water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. The mole is an amount unit, like a pair or a dozen. One mole contains 6.02214076 × 10^23 discrete entities, such as atoms or molecules. This number is usually rounded to 6.022 ×...

key terms and concepts

Learn how chemical symbols, atomic numbers, and isotope notation identify elements, from mercury and iron to magnesium and hydrogen isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core 化学は、簡潔で理解しやすいアニメーションビデオレッスンを使用して、一般的な化学の概念を生き生きとしたものにします。さらに、活動する科学者のビデオでは、現在世界中の実験室で行われている古典的そして独創的な研究・実験をお見せします。

Physical Science

PS.PSc.1.1

PS.PSc.1.5

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Study Of Matter

Classification of matter

Atoms

Structure And Properties Of Matter

Quantifying matter

Physical Geology

Minerals

Atoms and elements

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

CH.2

CH.2.a

PS.4

PS.4.a

PS.4.b

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.7.

112.49.c.7.A.

Arizona Science Standards

HS.P1

HS.P1U1.1

HS+C.P1

HS+C.P1U1.1

CHEM.6

CHEM.6.D

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.C.1.1.a

9-12.C.1.1.b

9-12.PS.3.4

9-12.PS.3.4.d

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-PS1-2

HS-PS1-7

Earth and Space Science

Earth’s Place in the Universe

HS-ESS1-3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.4

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.7

IPC.7.A

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SC1.

Isotopes and Atomic Mass

Scientific Laws and Theories

Scientific Laws

In science, a law is defined as a concise, verbal or mathematical, statement that summarizes a vast number of experimental observations. ...

The Scientific Method

Chemistry is an empirical science. Scientists often pose questions to understand the chemistry in everyday life and seek answers to these questions. To ...

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, ...

Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories &mdash; pure substances and ...

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is ...

Use models to explain how the scientific understanding of atomic structure has evolved.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for ...

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are &#945; decay, &#946; decay, &#947; decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (&#945;) decay is the ...

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10&#8722;15 meters, a nucleus is ...

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by ...

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with ...

Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

PS.Chm.1.2

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution ...

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that ...

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are ...

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and ...

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...

Use models to explain how electrons are distributed in atoms.

PS.Chm.1.3

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Atomic Mass

Atoms &mdash; and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them &mdash; are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 ...

Molar Mass

The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, ...

Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.

PS.Chm.2.1

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Construct an explanation to infer the atomic size, reactivity, electronegativity, and ionization energy of an element based on its position in the Periodic Table.

PS.Chm.2.2

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a ...

trends-in-lattice-energy-ion-size-and-charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

bond-polarity-dipole-moment-and-percent-ionic-character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity

The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (&Delta;EN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be ...

lewis-structures-of-molecular-compounds-and-polyatomic-ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:


	Determine the ...

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2&minus;) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O ...

Formal Charges

In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to ...

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:


	...

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, ...

Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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