Name: periodic table patterns and element groups
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 3 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.2.1

The Periodic Table

元素の周期表は 元素を整理するための 化学分野の重要な参考資料です 周期表には 上から下に 番号が付けられた7つの行と グループまたはファミリーと 呼ばれる18の列があります これらの属には 2つの 異なる方法で番号を付けられます 国際純応用化学連合 IUPAC）が推奨する 現代的な番号付けシステムでは 1から18までの属に 番号を付けていますが CASでは を指定するために ローマ数字と文字を 使用しています ここでは 主な属の元素は 文字Aで指定され 遷移元素は 文字Bで指定されています 周期表の元素は 原子番号の高い順に 左から右へ 上から下へと 並んでいます 同様の特性を持つものは 同じ属に分類されます 一部のグループには 共通の名前があります 水素を除いた第1群の元素は アルカリ金属 第2群の元素は アルカリ土類金属と 呼ばれています これらの金属はいずれも 非常に反応性が高く 他の元素と結合して 自然界に存在しています 第17族に含まれる 反応性の高い非金属元素は ハロゲンとして知られています 18属の非反応性の 非金属元素は 希ガスまたは不活性ガスと 呼ばれています 元素は 金属 非金属 半金属の 3つの大きなクラスに 分けることができます 金属は周期表の左と中央に グループ化されており 元素の大部分を 占めています これらの元素は電気と熱の 良い伝導体です すべて室温で固体ですが 液体である水銀は除きます 金属は光沢があり シート加工したり 線状に加工することができます 金属は カリウムのように 他の元素と反応すると電子を失い 正に帯電したイオンである 陽イオンを 形成する傾向があります 非金属は周期表の右側に グループ化されており 周期表の そして通常は 熱や電気の伝導性が 高くありません 室温では固体のものもあれば 液体や気体のものもあります 非金属は 他の元素と反応して 電子を獲得し 負に帯電した陰イオンを 形成する傾向があります 半金属は 金属と非金属の間の 境界に沿って存在する元素です 半金属は元素の中で 最も小さなクラスであり 混合した性質を示します すべての半金属は 室温で固体として存在します その中には 例えばシリコンや ゲルマニウムのように 半導体として働くものもあり 金属と違って 温度が上がるにつれて 電気を通す能力が向上します 室温では すべての半金属は固体です 周期表の元素も その位置によって しばしば3つのカテゴリに 分類されます 1つ目は典型元素 2つ目は内部遷移金属とも 呼ばれるランタノイド 最後は各列の最初の元素の アクチノイドの3つに 分類されることがあります

周期表

初期の化学者たちは、より多くの元素を発見したため、さまざまな元素を同じような化学的挙動でグループ化できることに気づきました。 そのようなグループの一つには、リチウム（ Li ）、ナトリウム（ Na ）、カリウム（ K ）が含まれます。 これらの元素はすべて光沢があり、熱および電気の伝導性が高く、同じような化学特性を有します。 もう 1 つのグループには、カルシウム（ Ca ）、ストロンチウム（ Sr ）、バリウム（ Ba ）があります。これらは光沢があり、熱と電気の伝導性が高く、化学的特性が共通しています。 ただし、これら 2 つのグループの特定の性質は、互いに全く異なります。 たとえば、 Li 、 Na 、 K は、 Ca 、 SR 、 Ba よりも反応性が高くなります。 さらに、 Li 、 Na 、 K は2つの原子と1つの酸素原子という比で酸化物を形成し、 Ca 、 Sr 、 Ba は1つの原子のと 1 つの酸素原子で酸化物を形成します。 フッ素（ F ）、塩素（ Cl ）、臭素（ Br ）、ヨウ素（ I ）も同様の特性を示しますが、これらの特性は上記の元素とは大きく異なります。 
 
 ロシアのドミトリ・メンデレーエフ（ 1869 年）とドイツのロータル・マイヤー（ 1870 年）は、その時に知られている元素の特性間の周期的な関係を、それぞれ独自に認識しました。 両方の出版された表の中で、原子質量の増加に従って元素が配置されています。 しかしメンデレーエフはマイヤーよりも一歩進んでいました。メンデレーエフは自分の表を使って、アルミニウムやシリコンに似た特性を持つが、まだ知られていない元素の存在を予測しました。 ガリウム（ 1875 年）とゲルマニウム（ 1886 年）の発見は、メンデレーエフの研究に大きな支持を与えました。 メンデレーエフと マイヤー は優先順位をめぐって長い対立していましたが、 メンデレーエフの周期表の開発への貢献は現在より広く認識されています。 
 
 20 世紀までには、周期的な関係は原子質量より原子番号に関わりが深いことが明らかになりました。 この関係を現代的に表したのが周期律で、次のように記述しています。元素の特性は原子番号の周期関数です。 現代の周期表では、原子番号が昇順となるよう元素を配置し、同じ縦の列に類似した特性を持つ原子をグループ化します。 各表の中には元素を表示し、原子番号、記号、平均原子質量、および（場合によっては）名前が含まれます。  
 
 元素は、周期と呼ばれる 7 つの横の行と、族（グループ）と呼ばれる 18 の縦の列に配置されます。 各列の上部に族のラベルが表示されます。 表を 1 ページに収めるために、 2 つの行の一部（合計 14 列）は通常、表本体の下に書き込まれます。 
 
 多くの元素は化学特性と物理特性が大きく異なりますが、一部の元素はその挙動が似ています。 例えば、多くの元素が光沢があり、展性と延性があり、熱と電気をうまく伝導します。 他の元素は光沢がなく、展性はなく、延性がありません。また、熱や電気の伝導性が低くなっています。 これらの元素は、共通の特性を持つ大きなクラスに分類できます。金属（光沢のある元素、展性のある元素、熱と電気の良好な導体、暗い黄色）、非金属（鈍く見え、熱と電気の伝導性が低い元素、暗い赤色）、半金属（熱と電気を適度によく伝導し、金属の特性と非金属の特性（暗い紫）を持つ元素）です。 
 
 <img alt="Figure1" src="https://www.jovecore.com/CDNSource/lessons/806/806_Image_1_white.png" style="width: 700px;" />
 
 これらの元素は、 1 、 2 、および 13 – 18 とラベルされた列の主要族元素（または典型元素）、 3 – 12 とラベルされた列の遷移金属、および表の最も下部にある 2 つの行の内部遷移金属に分類することもできます。 表の一番下にある内部遷移金属の一番上の行の要素はランタノイドで、一番下の行の要素はアクチノイドです。 これらの元素は、化合物の組成など、より具体的な特性によってさらに細分化することができます。 例えば、1族 （最初の列）の元素は、元素1 つの原子と水素 1 つの原子で構成される化合物を形成します。 これらの元素（水素を除く）はアルカリ金属と呼ばれ、すべて同じような化学特性を持っています。 2族 （第 2 列）の元素は、元素の原子 1 個と水素の原子 2 個からなる化合物を形成しています。これらはアルカリ土類金属と呼ばれ、その族のメンバー間で類似した特性を持っています。  
 
 特定の名前を持つその他の族は、プニクトゲン（第15族 ）、カルコゲン（第16族 ）、ハロゲン（第 17族 ）、希ガス（第 18族 、不活性ガス）です。 族は、族の最初の要素によって参照することもできます。たとえば、 カルコゲンは酸素族または酸素ファミリーと呼ばれます。 水素は、第 1 族と第 17 族の両方の要素に類似した特性を持つユニークな非金属元素です。 そのため、水素は両方の族の一番上に表示されることもあれば、単独で表示されることもあります。 
 
 元素 43 （テクネチウム）、元素 61 （プロメチウム）、および原子番号 84 （ポルニウム）以上の元素のほとんどには、角括弧で示された原子質量があります。 これは、すべて不安定な放射性同位体で構成される元素に対して行われます（放射能については、核化学の章で詳しく説明します）。 これらの元素の平均原子重量は測定できません。放射性同位体は、発生源に応じて相対的な量が大きく変化する場合や、自然に存在しない場合があるからです。 角括弧内の数値は原子質量番号で、その元素の最も安定した同位体の原子質量の概算です。 
 
 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-5-the-periodic-table">Openstax 、 Chemistry 2e 、 Section 2.5: The Periodic Table から引用したテキスト。</a>

初期の化学者がより多くの元素を発見するにつれて、彼らはさまざまな元素がそれらの類似した化学的挙動によってグループ化できることに気づきました。そのようなグループの一つ...

Education

JoVE Core

化学

Atoms and Elements

原子と元素

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

periodic table patterns and element groups

The periodic table organizes elements by repeating patterns in their properties. Chemists first noticed that some elements behaved alike, so they grouped them by chemical behavior. Lithium, sodium, and potassium are one example. They are shiny and conduct heat and electricity well. Calcium, strontium, and barium form another group with similar physical and chemical properties. Yet these two groups are not the same. The lithium group is much more reactive, and its elements form oxygen compounds in a 2-to-1 atom ratio. The calcium group is less reactive, and its elements form oxygen compounds in a 1-to-1 atom ratio. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine also share similar properties, but those properties are very different from the metal groups above.

Dimitri Mendeleev in Russia and Lothar Meyer in Germany both recognized this repeating pattern in the elements in the 1860s and 1870s. They arranged the known elements by increasing atomic mass. Mendeleev went further by predicting elements that had not yet been discovered. He expected elements with properties similar to aluminum and silicon. Later, gallium and germanium were discovered, and they supported his work. Mendeleev and Meyer later disputed who deserved priority, but Mendeleev is now more widely recognized for helping develop the periodic table.

By the twentieth century, scientists saw that the pattern depends on atomic number, not atomic mass. The periodic law says that the properties of the elements change in a repeating way as atomic number increases. A modern periodic table follows this rule. It places elements in order of increasing atomic number and groups elements with similar properties in the same vertical column.

Each box on the periodic table shows one element. It usually includes the atomic number, symbol, average atomic mass, and sometimes the name. The table has seven horizontal rows, called periods, and 18 vertical columns, called groups. The group labels appear at the top. To fit the table on one page, parts of two rows are often shown below the main table. These 14 columns belong to the lanthanides and actinides.

Elements can also be sorted by their physical properties. Metals are shiny, malleable, and ductile, and they conduct heat and electricity well. Nonmetals are usually dull and are poor conductors. Metalloids fall between these two groups. They conduct heat and electricity moderately well and have some properties of metals and some of nonmetals. The table also separates main-group elements in columns 1, 2, and 13 through 18, transition metals in columns 3 through 12, and inner transition metals in the two rows at the bottom.

Some groups have special names based on their chemistry. Group 1 elements, except hydrogen, are alkali metals. They form compounds with one atom of the element and one atom of hydrogen. Group 2 elements are alkaline earth metals, and they form compounds with one atom of the element and two atoms of hydrogen. Other named groups include the pnictogens, chalcogens, halogens, and noble gases. The chalcogens are also called the oxygen family. Hydrogen is unusual because it is a nonmetal with properties similar to both group 1 and group 17. It may appear at the top of either group or by itself.

Some elements have atomic masses shown in square brackets. This includes element 43, technetium, element 61, promethium, and most elements with atomic number 84 and higher, such as polonium. These elements are made entirely of unstable, radioactive isotopes. Because their isotopes can vary in abundance or may not occur naturally, an average atomic weight cannot be given. The bracketed value is the mass number of the most stable isotope, which is an approximate atomic mass.

Periodic Table Patterns and Element Groups

periodic-table-patterns-and-element-groups

the atomic theory of matter

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

Dalton’s atomic theory explains matter with atoms, elements, and compounds. It also shows how chemical changes follow simple laws. This idea gave chemistry a microscopic model for what can be seen in the lab. The earliest recorded ideas about matter came from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus said all matter was made of tiny, finite particles called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Aristotle and others later argued that matter was made from four elements: fire, earth, air, and...

subatomic particles

Atomic Structure: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Atomic structure is built from three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms make up all matter, and these particles explain an atom’s mass and charge. The electron was first identified at the end of the 19th century by J.J. Thomson. He used a cathode ray tube, a sealed glass tube with almost all the air removed and two metal electrodes. When high voltage was applied, a visible beam called a cathode ray formed. The beam bent toward positive charge and away from negative...

elements: chemical symbols and isotopes

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample. Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum.

ions and ionic charges

Predicting Ion Charges on the Periodic Table

Ion charges can often be predicted from an element’s position on the periodic table. In chemical reactions, the nucleus stays unchanged, but electrons may be transferred, lost, or shared. When atoms gain or lose electrons during compound formation, they become ions, which are electrically charged particles. A positive ion is called a cation. A cation has more protons than electrons because it lost electrons. A negative ion is called an anion. An anion has more electrons than protons because it...

the periodic table

The periodic table organizes elements by repeating patterns in their properties. Chemists first noticed that some elements behaved alike, so they grouped them by chemical behavior. Lithium, sodium, and potassium are one example. They are shiny and conduct heat and electricity well. Calcium, strontium, and barium form another group with similar physical and chemical properties. Yet these two groups are not the same. The lithium group is much more reactive, and its elements form oxygen compounds...

atomic mass

Average Atomic Mass and Isotopes

Average atomic mass explains why many elements on the periodic table have decimal values. Atoms are extremely small, so scientists use the atomic mass unit, or amu, to measure them. A carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g, and the amu is defined from carbon-12. One amu is exactly 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom, which is 1.6605 × 10−24 g. The dalton (Da) and the unified atomic mass unit (u) mean the same thing as the amu. For a single atom, atomic mass is usually close to its mass...

molar mass

Mole, Mass, and Avogadro’s Number

The mole links mass and the number of particles in a substance. It gives chemists a standard way to count atoms and molecules in samples that are far too small to see. It also helps show why substances with the same kinds of atoms can still have very different properties, like water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. The mole is an amount unit, like a pair or a dozen. One mole contains 6.02214076 × 10^23 discrete entities, such as atoms or molecules. This number is usually rounded to 6.022 ×...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the periodic table groups elements by repeating patterns, atomic number, and chemical behavior, including metals, nonmetals, groups, and special names.

Periodic Table Patterns and Element Groups | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core 化学は、簡潔で理解しやすいアニメーションビデオレッスンを使用して、一般的な化学の概念を生き生きとしたものにします。さらに、活動する科学者のビデオでは、現在世界中の実験室で行われている古典的そして独創的な研究・実験をお見せします。

Physical Science

PS.PSc.1.6

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Chemical Reactions

3.2.9-12.C

Structure and Properties of Matter

3.2.9-12.A

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Matter And Its Interactions

HS-PS1-1

HS-PS1-2

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Study Of Matter

Periodic trends of the elements

Structure And Properties Of Matter

Periodic Table

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

CH.2

CH.2.a

CH.2.d

PS.2

PS.2.b

PS.4

PS.4.a

PS.4.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9C.2.1.1.1

9C.3.1.1.1

Arizona Science Standards

HS.P1

HS.P1U1.1

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Matter and Its Interactions

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.PS.3.4.a

Next Generation Science Standards

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.4

SC.912.P.8.5

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.7

IPC.7.A

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

C-PS1-1

C-PS1-2

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New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Chemical Reactions

HS-PS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SPS1.

Periodic Table Trends

SC1.

periodic-table-trends-atomic-radii-ionization-and-electronegativity

Periodic Table Trends: Atomic Radii, Ionization, and Electronegativity

Scientific Laws and Theories

Scientific Laws

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The Scientific Method

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Classifying Matter by State

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Classifying Matter by Composition

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Subatomic Particles

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Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

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PS.Chm.1.1

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

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Nuclear Binding Energy

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Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

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Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by ...

Nuclear Fusion

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Nuclear Transmutation

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Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

PS.Chm.1.2

Atomic Orbitals

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The Pauli Exclusion Principle

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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

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The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

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PS.Chm.1.3

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Atomic Mass

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Molar Mass

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Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

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Ionic Radii

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Ionization Energy

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Electron Affinity

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Construct an explanation to infer the atomic size, reactivity, electronegativity, and ionization energy of an element based on its position in the Periodic Table.

PS.Chm.2.2

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Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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The Born-Haber Cycle

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Bond Polarity

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Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

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	Determine the ...

Resonance

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Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Periodic Table Patterns and Element Groups

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