Name: atomic elements, molecules, and bonds
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 38 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.3.3

Molecules and Compounds

自然界では すべての物質は 特定の物理的・化学的性質を持つ 元素と呼ばれる 基本的な化学単位で 構成されています 周期表には 現在までに 確認されている元素が 118種類あります 各元素の構成単位は原子です ヘリウム ネオン 銀 白金 などの元素の中には 原子を独立した個々の単位として 存在するものもあります また 水素や 酸素 硫黄などの元素は 2つ以上の同一の原子集合を 単位として存在しています これらの複数の原子は 化学結合と呼ばれる 強い静電気力によって保持され 分子と呼ばれる 安定した単位を形成しています また 2つ以上の 異なる元素が結合して 水や果糖のような分子を 形成することもあります このように 2つ以上の 元素の原子が 化学的に一定の割合で 結合してできた分子も 化合物と呼ばれています したがって 水と果糖の分子も 化合物です 水は 水素が2つの原子と酸素が 1つの原子でできた分子です 一方 果糖は 炭素原子6個 水素原子12個 酸素原子6個を含む 分子です 化合物内の個々の原子は 化学結合によって一緒に保持され そのような分子または イオン性化合物として 形成された化合物の 種類を決定します 非金属原子が一緒に存在して 共有結合を介して 彼らの価電子を共有するときに 水のような共有結合 分子化合物は 形成されます 2つの原子間の共有電子は 電位エネルギーを下げ 個々の原子に比べて より安定な分子を作成します 塩化ナトリウムのような イオン性化合物は 金属原子と非金属原子が 一緒になることで形成されます 金属は電子を失いやすく 陽イオンになりますが 非金属は電子を得やすく 陰イオンになります このように 金属原子は 非金属原子に電子を移動させ 反対に帯電したイオン間の 静電相互作用によって イオン結合を形成します 元素が化合物を形成する能力は 自然界に存在する 物質の多様性に貢献しています

分子と化合物

<h4>原子と分子 </h4>
 
 宇宙のすべては物質で構成され、物質は元素の組み合わせで構成されます。 原子は、元素のすべての特性を保持する元素の最小単位です。 たとえば、銀硬貨は銀の原子で構成され、各銀の原子は銀という元素の固有の特性を保持します。  
 
 元素とは、化学物質の変化によって単純な物質に分解することができない、同一の原子で構成される純粋な物質です。 原子元素には、基本単位として単一の原子が含まれています。 炭素は炭素原子で構成され、ナトリウムはナトリウム原子で構成されています。 ほとんどの元素は原子元素です。 しかし、原子の組み合わせとして存在し、単一の原子として性質上検出されない元素がいくつかあります。 これらは分子元素と呼ばれます。 分子元素は、 2 つ以上の原子を結合した分子として存在します。 水素（ H2 ）、酸素（ O2 ）、塩素ガス（ Cl2 ）などの二原子、または硫黄（ S8 ）やリン（ P4 ）などの多原子です。
 
 分子は、化学結合と呼ばれる強い力によって結合された 2 つ以上の原子で構成されます。 分子は、 2 つ以上の同一の原子から構成されることも、 2 つ以上の異なる原子から構成されることもあります。 分子が2つ以上の異なる元素から構成されている原子で構成され、固定整数比で結合されている場合、分子も化合物になります。 例えば、水は化合物で、各水分子（ H2O ）は 2 つの水素原子と 1 つの酸素原子を含む単位です。 グルコース分子（ C6H12O6 ）は、炭素原子 6 個、水素原子 12 個、酸素原子 6 個を含む化合物です。 
 
 化合物は、固定された明確な比率で 2 つ以上の元素から構成される純粋な物質です。 化合物は、持っている結合に基づいて分子またはイオンに分類されます。 
 
 <h4>化合物 </h4>
 
 化合物内で原子を結合させる引力の性質によって、形成される化学結合のタイプが決まります。 金属原子と非金属原子の間で電子が完全に移動すると、逆帯電したイオンが形成されます。 イオン間の静電引力はイオン結合と呼ばれ、イオン結合によって形成される化合物はイオン化合物です。 例えば、塩化ナトリウム NaCl はイオン性化合物です。 
 
 2 つ以上の非金属原子間で電子を共有すると、共有結合が生じ、共有結合によって形成される化合物は共有結合化合物または分子化合物と呼ばれます。 共有結合は、結合原子の正電荷を持つ原子核と、原子間で共有される負電荷を持つ電子との間の引力です。 
 
 本文は <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-6-molecular-and-ionic-compounds">、 OpenStax Chemistry 2e 、 Section 2.6 ： Molecular and Ionic Compounds から引用したものです。</a>

原子と分子

宇宙のすべては物質でできており、物質は元素の組み合わせでできています。原子は最小単位です...

Education

JoVE Core

化学

Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations

分子、化合物、および化学方程式

molecules-compounds-and-chemical-equations

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

atomic elements, molecules, and bonds

Matter is made of elements, and elements are built from atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still keeps that element’s properties. A silver coin, for example, is made of silver atoms. Each atom keeps the unique properties of silver.

Elements are pure substances made of identical atoms. They cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes. Most elements are atomic elements, which use single atoms as their basic unit. Carbon and sodium are examples of atomic elements.

Some elements do not occur as single atoms in nature. These are called molecular elements. They exist as molecules made of two or more bonded atoms. Some are diatomic, such as hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), and chlorine (Cl2). Others are polyatomic, such as sulfur (S8) and phosphorous (P4).

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms joined by strong chemical bonds. The atoms in a molecule may be the same, or they may be different. When a molecule contains atoms from two or more different elements in fixed whole number ratios, it is also a compound. Water is a compound, and each H2O molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Glucose (C6H12O6) is another compound, with six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms.

Compounds are pure substances made of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. They are classified as molecular or ionic based on the bonds they contain. The kind of attraction between atoms determines the bond type. When electrons transfer completely from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom, oppositely charged ions form. The electrostatic attraction between those ions is an ionic bond, and the result is an ionic compound such as sodium chloride (NaCl). When two or more nonmetal atoms share electrons, they form covalent bonds. Compounds formed this way are covalent, or molecular, compounds.

Atomic Elements, Molecules, and Bonds

molecules and compounds

Matter is made of elements, and elements are built from atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still keeps that element’s properties. A silver coin, for example, is made of silver atoms. Each atom keeps the unique properties of silver. Elements are pure substances made of identical atoms. They cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes. Most elements are atomic elements, which use single atoms as their basic unit. Carbon and sodium are examples of atomic...

molecular models

Molecular Model Types in Chemistry

Molecular models help chemists and students visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules. They represent the molecular architecture of chemical compounds in a way that is easier to study than formulas alone. Skeletal models are simple two-dimensional drawings of compounds. They show the molecular framework, or the bonds, without drawing every atom. In this model, many carbon and hydrogen atoms are not shown directly. Their positions are implied by the ends and junctions of the...

organic compounds

Organic Molecules in Everyday Chemistry

Organic molecules are carbon-based compounds found in living things and in many everyday products. Most organic compounds have carbon as the main element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. Some carbon-containing substances, such as carbonates, cyanides, and simple oxides like CO and CO2, are not classified as organic. Carbon can form up to four strong bonds, which helps explain why organic compounds can make chains and rings of many sizes and shapes. These molecules appear in...

formula mass and mole concepts of compounds

formula-mass-and-mole-concepts-of-compounds

Chemical Formula Mass and Percent Composition

Chemical formula mass and percent composition help describe the makeup of compounds. A chemical formula shows which atoms are present and how many of each atom appear in a substance. For covalent compounds, the formula shows the atoms in one molecule. That is why formula mass can also be called molecular mass. Chloroform, CHCl3, is one example. Its formula shows one carbon atom, one hydrogen atom, and three chlorine atoms. The molecular mass is the sum of their average atomic masses. Ionic...

experimental determination of chemical formula

experimental-determination-of-chemical-formula

Finding Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Chemical formulas show the elemental makeup of a compound. When a formula is unknown, scientists often start by measuring the masses of the elements in the sample. Those mass data are then used to find the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms, which gives the empirical formula. To get from mass to atom ratio, the masses of the elements are first converted to moles using molar masses. Chemical formulas describe numbers of atoms, not masses, so this step is necessary. In one example, 1.71 grams...

chemical equations

Reading Chemical Equations and Balancing Them

Chemical equations show the identities and relative amounts of substances in a chemical reaction. The substances that react are called reactants, and their formulas are written on the left side of the equation. The substances formed are called products, and their formulas are written on the right side. A plus sign (+) separates formulas on the same side, and an arrow (→) shows the change from reactants to products. The numbers in a chemical equation are shown with coefficients. A coefficient...

key terms and concepts

Learn how atoms form elements, molecules, and compounds, and compare ionic and covalent bonds using examples like water, glucose, and sodium chloride.

Atomic Elements, Molecules, and Bonds | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core 化学は、簡潔で理解しやすいアニメーションビデオレッスンを使用して、一般的な化学の概念を生き生きとしたものにします。さらに、活動する科学者のビデオでは、現在世界中の実験室で行われている古典的そして独創的な研究・実験をお見せします。

PS.Chm.4.3

Physical Science

PS.PSc.1.1

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Study Of Matter

Classification of matter

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

CH.3

CH.3.a

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.PS.3.4.c

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

High School

C-PS1-3.

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

C-PS2-6.

Scientific Laws and Theories

Scientific Laws

In science, a law is defined as a concise, verbal or mathematical, statement that summarizes a vast number of experimental observations. ...

The Scientific Method

Chemistry is an empirical science. Scientists often pose questions to understand the chemistry in everyday life and seek answers to these questions. To ...

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, ...

Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories &mdash; pure substances and ...

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is ...

Use models to explain how the scientific understanding of atomic structure has evolved.

PS.Chm.1.1

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for ...

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are &#945; decay, &#946; decay, &#947; decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (&#945;) decay is the ...

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10&#8722;15 meters, a nucleus is ...

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by ...

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with ...

Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

PS.Chm.1.2

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution ...

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that ...

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are ...

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and ...

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...

Use models to explain how electrons are distributed in atoms.

PS.Chm.1.3

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Atomic Mass

Atoms &mdash; and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them &mdash; are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 ...

Molar Mass

The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, ...

Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.

PS.Chm.2.1

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Construct an explanation to infer the atomic size, reactivity, electronegativity, and ionization energy of an element based on its position in the Periodic Table.

PS.Chm.2.2

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a ...

trends-in-lattice-energy-ion-size-and-charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

bond-polarity-dipole-moment-and-percent-ionic-character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity

The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (&Delta;EN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be ...

lewis-structures-of-molecular-compounds-and-polyatomic-ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:


	Determine the ...

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2&minus;) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O ...

Formal Charges

In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to ...

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:


	...

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, ...

Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

PS.Chm.3.1

molecular-comparison-of-gases-liquids-and-solids

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no ...

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular ...

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions ...

comparing-intermolecular-forces-melting-point-boiling-point

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, ...

surface-tension-capillary-action-and-viscosity

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded ...

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, ...

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions ...

Construct an explanation to summarize the influences intermolecular forces have on the properties of chemical compounds.

PS.Chm.3.2

Atoms and Molecules

Everything in the universe is made up of matter, and matter is composed of a combination of elements. An atom is the smallest unit of ...

Chemical Formulas

A chemical formula presents information about the proportions of atoms constituting a particular chemical compound or molecule, mainly using symbols of ...

Molecular Models

Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models ...

Classification of Elements and Compounds

Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while ...

ionic-compounds-formulas-and-nomenclature

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to ...

molecular-compounds-formulas-and-nomenclature

Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Molecular compounds or covalent compounds result when atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. Since there is no electron transfer, molecular ...

Use models to predict chemical names and formulas including ionic (binary & ternary), acidic, and binary covalent compounds.

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Atomic Elements, Molecules, and Bonds

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