Name: carbon compounds in everyday life
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:31.000Z
Duration: 2 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

Chemistry

3.2.2 9C.3.2.1.1

What is Organic Chemistry?

有機化学は、主に水素、酸素、窒素、または硫黄原子に結合した炭素原子で構成される化合物の研究です。
有機化合物は、DNAや植物の細胞壁のような生命の基本的な構成要素から、燃料のようなエネルギーを解放する材料まで、多種多様な分子を形成します。それらは通常、簡単に分解されます。
炭素原子は、すべての有機化合物の骨格を構成しており、炭素は単結合、二重結合、三重結合のいずれかの4つの結合を形成する汎用性があるため、リング状、分岐、直線鎖配列の多様な構造をとることができます。 
有機化合物は、炭化水素または官能基化炭化水素のいずれかであり得る。
炭化水素は、完全に炭素原子と水素原子で構成されています。アルカンは、単結合を含む炭化水素です。アルケンには1つ以上の二重結合が含まれ、アルキンには1つ以上の三重結合が含まれています。
1つ以上の水素原子が特定の原子群または官能基で置換された炭化水素は、「官能基化炭化水素」と呼ばれます。官能基化炭化水素の一般式は、炭化水素部分を文字「R」で指定し、その後に特定の官能基を示します。
官能基にはさまざまな種類があり、特定の物理的および化学的性質を持っています。共通の官能基を持つすべての有機化合物は、同じ炭化水素ファミリーに属し、同様の特性を示し、同様の命名法に従います。
例えば、炭素原子が-OH官能基を持つ有機化合物はすべてアルコールと呼ばれます。一方、カルボキシル官能基を持つ有機化合物は、すべてカルボン酸と呼ばれます。
全体として、有機化合物の構造、結合、反応を理解することは、天然化合物と人工化合物の両方で、実生活での機能を理解するための鍵となります。

このテキストは、<a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-introduction">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 20 から引用</a>しています。

有機化学とは?

有機化学は、有機化合物と呼ばれる炭素を含む化合物を研究する学問です。有機化合物は生物由来か、人工的に合成されるものがあります。 これらの化合物の特徴は、炭素を主要な構成要素とし、他の炭素原子や水素、酸素、窒素、硫黄などの元素と結合していることです。 幅広い有機分子の存在は、炭素原子が他の炭素原子と最大 4 つの強い結合を形成する能力の結果であり、その結果、さまざまなサイズ、形状、複雑さの鎖や環が形成されます。 ただし、炭素、シアン化物、または一酸化炭素（CO）や二酸化炭素（CO₂）などの単純な酸化物は、通常、有機化合物には分類されません。
最も単純な有機化合物は炭素と水素の元素のみを含むものを、炭化水素と呼びます。 炭化水素は、分子内に存在する炭素間結合の種類が異なる場合があります。 これらは、アルカン (単結合のみを含む)、アルケン (1 つ以上の二重結合を含む)、またはアルキン (1 つ以上の三重結合を含む) です。炭化水素は炭素と水素の2種類の原子のみから成りますが、炭素原子の鎖、分枝鎖、環の長さの違い、またはこれらの構造の組み合わせにより、多種多様な炭化水素が存在します。 融点や沸点などの特性は、通常、分子内の炭素原子と水素原子の数が変化するにつれて、予測どおりに変化します。
炭素と水素を含む分子に官能基を組み込むと、官能基をもつ炭化水素は、官能化炭化水素と呼ばれます。 官能基は、主に炭化水素誘導体の特性を決定する特徴的な原子または原子団です。 たとえば、炭化水素部分に結合した -OH 官能基を持つ化合物はアルコールです。 慣例により、アルコールの一般式は R-OH です。ここで、R は炭化水素基を指します。 同じ官能基を含む化合物のグループはファミリーを形成します。
有機化合物は、プラスチック、石鹸、香水、甘味料、布地、医薬品、その他日常的に使用される多くの物質の主要成分です。 したがって、実生活におけるそれらの機能を理解するには、その構造と反応を研究することが重要です。

有機化学は、有機化合物と呼ばれる炭素の化合物の研究です。有機化合物は、生物に由来するか、または...

Education

JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

有機化学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Covalent Bonding and Structure

共有結合と構造

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

carbon compounds in everyday life

Organic chemistry focuses on carbon compounds called organic compounds. These compounds may come from living things or be made by chemists. Carbon is the main element in them, and it bonds with other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

Carbon can form up to four strong bonds. That ability lets carbon atoms build chains and rings of many sizes, shapes, and levels of complexity. Not every carbon-containing substance is classified as organic. Carbonates, cyanides, and simple oxides such as CO and CO2 are usually excluded.

The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen. They can be alkanes with single bonds, alkenes with one or more double bonds, or alkynes with one or more triple bonds.

Hydrocarbons can vary a lot even though they use only two kinds of atoms. Their carbon atoms may form straight chains, branched chains, rings, or combinations of these structures. As the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms changes, properties such as melting point and boiling point usually change in a predictable way.

Adding a functional group creates a new family of compounds called functionalized hydrocarbons. A functional group is a specific atom or group of atoms that mostly controls the properties of the molecule. For example, compounds with an –OH group attached to the hydrocarbon part are alcohols. By convention, alcohols have the general formula R–OH, where R is the hydrocarbon portion.

Compounds with the same functional group belong to the same family. Organic compounds are important in plastics, soaps, perfumes, sweeteners, fabrics, pharmaceuticals, and many other everyday products. Learning their structures and reactions helps explain how these materials work in real life.

Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life

what is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry focuses on carbon compounds called organic compounds. These compounds may come from living things or be made by chemists. Carbon is the main element in them, and it bonds with other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Carbon can form up to four strong bonds. That ability lets carbon atoms build chains and rings of many sizes, shapes, and levels of complexity. Not every carbon-containing substance is classified as organic. Carbonates, cyanides, and...

electronic structure of atoms

Atomic Orbitals and Quantum Numbers

Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers describe how electrons are arranged around the nucleus. An atom has a small, positively charged nucleus with electrons surrounding it. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, and the quantum mechanical model gives a better picture of this structure than older models. Protons carry a +1 charge and have a mass of 1.0073 amu. Neutrons have no charge and have a mass of 1.0087 amu. Electrons carry a −1 charge and have a mass of 0.00055 amu. The number of...

electron configurations

How Electrons Fill Atomic Orbitals

Electron filling in atoms follows a set order based on orbital energy. The Aufbau principle says each new electron enters the lowest-energy subshell available. The Pauli exclusion principle says no two electrons can share the same set of four quantum numbers. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity says electrons stay unpaired in equal-energy orbitals when possible. The order of filling follows the relative energies of the subshells. A common sequence is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, and so on.

chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds: Types and Strength

Chemical bonds help atoms reach a full valence shell like the nearest noble gas. The main bond types are ionic, covalent, and metallic. Bond energy and bond length also help explain how strong a bond is. An ionic bond forms from electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. In many cases, one atom transfers electrons to another atom, and the ions form from that transfer. Ionic bonds have no defined direction because the attraction spreads evenly through three-dimensional space. A...

polar covalent bonds

Electronegativity in Polar Covalent Bonds

Polar covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons unevenly. This happens in covalent bonds between atoms that have similar, but not identical, tendencies to attract electrons. Nonmetal atoms often make these bonds with other nonmetals. Hydrogen gas, H2, is a simple example of a covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms. A covalent bond begins when two atoms move close enough for their valence orbitals to overlap. In hydrogen, the 1s orbitals overlap and the single electrons on each atom...

lewis structures and formal charges

Lewis Structures, Bonds, and Formal Charge

Lewis structures show how atoms share electrons in covalent bonds and in polyatomic ions. Lewis symbols help draw these structures, and the periodic table helps predict how many valence electrons an atom has and how many bonds it can form to reach an octet. Group 18 elements, such as argon and helium, already have filled electron configurations. They rarely take part in chemical bonding. Atoms in group 17, such as bromine and iodine, need one more electron to reach an octet, so they can form...

vsepr theory

Molecular Shapes from Electron Pairs

Molecular shape can be predicted from the way electron pairs arrange around a central atom. Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory, or VSEPR theory, uses a Lewis structure to count bonding pairs and lone electron pairs. The main idea is simple: electron pairs spread out as far as possible to reduce repulsion. In a molecule, the valence electrons around the central atom can be bonding pairs or lone pairs. Bonding pairs are found mainly between bonded atoms. Lone pairs stay on one atom and...

molecular geometry and dipole moments

Predicting Shape and Molecular Polarity

Molecular shape and molecular polarity can be predicted with VSEPR theory and dipole moments. Start by writing the Lewis structure of the molecule or polyatomic ion. Then count the electron groups around the central atom. Lone pairs and bonds both count as electron groups, and a single, double, or triple bond each counts as one region of electron density. Use that count to identify the electron-pair geometry. Next, use the number of lone pairs to determine the molecular structure. If more than...

resonance and hybrid structures

Resonance in Nitrite and Carbonate Ions

Resonance explains why some Lewis structures do not match the measured properties of a molecule or ion. When two or more Lewis structures have the same atom arrangement, the real electron distribution is an average of the structures shown. The nitrite anion, NO2−, is one example. It can be drawn in two ways, with the N–O and N=O bonds in different places. If nitrite had one single bond and one double bond, the two bond lengths should be different, because a double bond is shorter and stronger...

valence bond theory and hybridized orbitals

valence-bond-theory-and-hybridized-orbitals

Covalent Bond Overlap and Orbital Hybridization

Covalent bonds form when orbitals on two atoms overlap and their single electrons pair up. The bond is stronger when the overlap is greater. Maximum overlap happens when the orbitals meet along a direct line between the two nuclei. A sigma bond, or σ bond, is the kind of covalent bond found in a single bond in a Lewis structure. In a σ bond, electron density is concentrated along the internuclear axis. A pi bond, or π bond, forms when two p orbitals overlap side by side. In a π bond, the...

mo theory and covalent bonding

Bond Order and Molecular Orbitals

Molecular orbital theory explains how electrons are arranged in molecules. It treats electron regions in a molecule much like atomic orbitals in an atom. A molecular orbital is the region of space where a valence electron is most likely to be found. Molecular orbitals form through the linear combination of atomic orbitals, or LCAO. When atomic wave functions combine in phase, they create regions with high electron density. When they combine out of phase, they create nodes, or regions with no...

intermolecular forces and physical properties

intermolecular-forces-and-physical-properties

How Intermolecular Forces Affect Matter

Intermolecular forces are the attractions between molecules, and they help explain how matter behaves. These forces influence melting points, boiling points, and whether substances mix with one another. Water has a much higher boiling point than hexane, which shows that water has stronger intermolecular forces. Three main kinds of intermolecular interactions are covered here. They include ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and van der Waals forces, which include London dispersion...

solubility

Why Some Substances Dissolve in Water

Solution formation depends on how solutes and solvents interact. A solution is a homogeneous mixture made of a solvent, which is the larger part, and a solute, which is the smaller part. The physical state of a solution is usually the same as the solvent. Concentration is often described as dilute for a low amount of solute or concentrated for a high amount of solute. When a solute dissolves, its particles are surrounded by solvent species. This process is called solvation. If water is the...

introduction to functional groups

Functional Groups and Organic Molecules

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that appear within organic molecules. They are sometimes shown as "R." These groups sit along the carbon backbone of macromolecules, which can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups help functionalize a compound. That means they can give the molecule different physical and chemical properties. In organic chemistry, this change in group structure can strongly affect how a compound behaves. Common...

overview of advanced functional groups

Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as "R" in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions. This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called...

key terms and concepts

Explore carbon-based organic compounds, from hydrocarbons to alcohols, and see how carbon structures and functional groups shape everyday materials.

Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life | JoVE K12

organic chemistry

JoVE Core 有機化学では、立体化学、反応、メカニズムの基本概念を、簡潔でわかりやすいアニメーション ビデオ レッスンを使用して説明します。さらに、科学者の実際のビデオでは、世界中の今日の研究室で行われている古典的および独自の研究実験における関連概念の適用を示しています。

Florida Department of Education

High School

Physical Science

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.12

SC.912.P.8.13

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Introduction to Functional Groups


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Functional Groups

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic ...

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups


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Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like ...

Matter and Its Interactions: Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties. (P: 6, CC: 1, CI: PS1)

3 Developing possible explanations of phenomena or designing solutions to engineering problems
 3.2 Constructing explanations and designing solutions 
  3.2.2 Students will be able to use their understanding of scientific principles and the engineering design process to design solutions that meet established criteria and constraints.*  

Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life

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