Name: atomic emission spectroscopy for element analysis
Uploaded: 2024-12-05T18:32:15.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Space Systems

3.3.9-12.C

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

原子発光分光法(AES)は、サンプル内の多元素分析を可能にし、放電、炎、またはプラズマによってすべての分析物を同時に励起できます。
AESでは、励起状態の原子が弛緩して特徴的な放射を発し、放出強度は励起状態の集団に正比例します。
励起状態の原子の有意な集団は、高温のアルゴンプラズマを使用することによって達成されます。
アルゴンプラズマ(アルゴンイオンと電子の高温で導電性のガス状混合物)は、アルゴンの流れをイオン化することによって生成されます。プラズマは、さらなるイオン化に最適な温度を維持する電源によって無期限に維持されます。 
誘導結合プラズマ(ICP)と呼ばれる無線周波数ベースのプラズマ源は、最大10,000Kの温度に達することができます。これは、AESで広く使用されている励起源であり、一般にICP-AESまたはICP-OESと呼ばれます。
その他のプラズマ源には、マイクロ波誘起プラズマ、直流プラズマ、マイクロプラズマ、レーザー誘起プラズマなどがあります。

原子発光分光法: 概要

原子発光分光法 (AES) は、励起された原子から放出される光を分析してサンプルの元素組成を決定するために使用される分析技術です。AES では、サンプル内の原子は、プラズマ、アーク、スパークなどの高温源からの熱エネルギーによって高エネルギーレベルに励起されます。これらの励起された原子は、低エネルギー状態に戻ると、各元素に特有の特定の波長で光を放出します。結果として得られる原子発光スペクトルは、これらの波長に対応する離散的な線で構成されており、サンプル内のさまざまな元素を識別して定量化できます。

AES 機器は原子吸光分光計と類似していますが、発光検出に特定の適応がされています。高温源、特に誘導結合プラズマ (ICP) は、原子を発光状態に励起するのに十分なエネルギーを実現するため、AES に不可欠です。その他のプラズマ源には、マイクロ波誘導プラズマ (MIP) や直流プラズマ (DCP) などがあります。最も広く使用されているソースである ICP は、最高 9,727 °C の温度に達し、一貫した励起と放出のための安定した環境を作り出します。ICP-AES は ICP-OES (光発光分光法) とも呼ばれ、放出ソースの周囲に複数の検出器を半円形に配置して、さまざまな波長にわたって同時に読み取りを行うことで、多元素分析を可能にします。

AES は、炎や電熱法などの従来の原子吸光法に比べていくつかの利点があります。複雑な分子を解離させる高温ソースのため、AES は化学干渉の影響を受けにくく、よりクリーンなスペクトル読み取りが可能です。この技術により、同時多元素分析が可能になり、分析効率が大幅に向上します。さらに、AES はより広い濃度範囲をカバーするため、さまざまなサンプルタイプに適しています。

これらの利点にもかかわらず、AES には制限があります。高温ソースによって生成される複雑なスペクトルは、スペクトル干渉の可能性を高め、定量分析を複雑にします。これらの課題に対処するために、AES 機器には高解像度の光学システムが必要であり、多くの場合、原子吸光分光法で使用されるものよりも高価です。さらに、AES は多元素分析に強力ですが、原子吸光法はシンプルさ、費用対効果、精度の高さから、単元素分析にも有用です。

AES は、環境モニタリング、材料科学、臨床検査室で金属、微量元素、その他の無機物質の分析に広く使用されています。多元素分析を迅速に実行できるため、土壌、水、生物サンプルの検査に特に役立ちます。AES 機器は感度が高く、元素の範囲が広いため、微量濃度と有意濃度の両方で正確な測定が可能で、さまざまな科学分野にわたる元素分析の多目的ツールとなっています。

AES では、定量分析は放出光の強度の測定に依存しており、これは励起原子の集団に比例します。ボルツマン分布によると、この励起状態の集団は励起源の温度に依存し、温度が高いほど放出量が多くなります。数桁にわたって直線になることが多い較正曲線は、既知の標準を分析して放出強度と元素濃度を相関させることで作成されます。標準化技術は、励起効率やその他の機器要因の変動を制御し、多様なサンプル内の元素の正確な定量化を可能にするために重要です。

原子発光分光法(AES)は、サンプルから放出される光を分析することにより、サンプルの元素組成を決定するために使用される分析手法です...

Education

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

分析化学

Unit 1

ユニット1

Atomic Spectroscopy

原子分光法

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

主要用語と概念

atomic emission spectroscopy for element analysis

Atomic emission spectroscopy is used to identify the elements in a sample by measuring the light they emit. Atoms are first excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from hot sources such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When they fall back to lower energy levels, they give off light at specific wavelengths. Each element produces its own set of lines, so the emission spectrum can show both what is present and how much is there.

AES instruments are similar to atomic absorption spectrometers, but they are built to detect emitted light. High-temperature sources are essential because they provide enough energy to excite atoms into their emission states. Inductively coupled plasma, or ICP, is the most widely used source. It can reach temperatures up to 10,000 K and creates a stable environment for steady excitation and emission. Other plasma sources used in AES include microwave-induced plasma, or MIP, and direct current plasma, or DCP.

ICP-AES is also called ICP-OES, which stands for optical emission spectrometry. This setup allows multielement analysis by placing multiple detectors in a semicircular array around the emission source. The detectors can record several wavelengths at the same time. That makes the method fast and useful when more than one element must be measured in the same sample.

AES has several advantages over traditional atomic absorption methods such as flame and electrothermal techniques. The high-temperature source helps break apart complex molecules, so chemical interferences are usually lower. The method also supports simultaneous multielement analysis, which improves efficiency. In addition, AES covers a wider concentration range, so it works with many different sample types.

The technique also has limits. High-temperature sources create complex spectra, which increases the chance of spectral interferences and can make quantitative analysis harder. AES instruments need high-resolution optical systems to separate the lines clearly, and these systems are often more expensive than those used in atomic absorption spectrometry. For single-element analysis, atomic absorption methods are still useful because they are simple, cost-effective, and precise.

AES is widely used in environmental monitoring, materials science, and clinical laboratories. It can analyze metals, trace elements, and other inorganic substances in soil, water, and biological samples. This makes it valuable for rapid testing across many scientific fields. The method is sensitive and can measure both trace and significant concentrations.

Quantitative AES depends on the intensity of the emitted light. That intensity is related to the number of atoms in the excited state. According to the Boltzmann distribution, this excited-state population depends on the temperature of the source, so higher temperatures produce more emission. To find concentration, scientists use calibration curves made from known standards, and they apply standardization methods to reduce the effects of changes in excitation efficiency and other instrument factors.

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Element Analysis

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-for-element-analysis

atomic spectroscopy: absorption, emission, and fluorescence

atomic-spectroscopy-absorption-emission-and-fluorescence

Element Analysis with Atomic Light Spectra

Atomic spectroscopy is used to identify and measure elements by their light signals. It supports both qualitative analysis, which tells what is present, and quantitative analysis, which tells how much is present. The optical methods in this group are atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. These methods begin with atomization. In this step, a solid, liquid, or solution sample is changed into gas-phase atoms and ions. Once the sample...

atomic spectroscopy: effects of temperature

atomic-spectroscopy-effects-of-temperature

How Heat Changes Atomic Spectra

Heat changes atomic spectra by affecting atomization, excitation, ionization, and line shape. In atomic spectroscopy, atomization means converting a sample into gas-phase atoms and ions. The flame temperature needed for this step changes how efficiently the method works and shifts the balance between excited and ground-state atoms. At thermal equilibrium, the relative numbers of excited and ground-state atoms can be estimated with the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. A small temperature rise...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: overview

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for Trace Metals

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) measures trace metals by tracking how atoms absorb electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The absorbed light makes atoms move to a higher-energy orbit. In AAS, the key step is atomization, which converts the sample into gas-phase atoms. A flame or a furnace is typically used for this step. Inside the flame, some atoms become thermally excited. Most stay in the ground state, which is the lowest-energy state. These ground-state gas-phase atoms absorb EMR only when...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: instrumentation

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-instrumentation

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Key Parts

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry uses a set of key parts to measure light absorbed by atoms. The main components are a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. Each part has a specific job in the instrument. The radiation source is usually a hollow-cathode lamp, or HCL, or an electrodeless-discharge lamp, or EDL. Both produce a narrow emission line at the needed wavelength. Some instruments instead use continuum sources with high-resolution monochromators to narrow...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: radiation and light sources

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-radiation-and-light-sources

Choosing Light Sources for AAS Measurements

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) uses a light source that emits a very narrow range of wavelengths. This is needed because the source must match the absorption behavior of the analyte atom. The choice of source also depends on giving a precise, intense emission at the right wavelength for accurate detection. Two common line sources in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and electrodeless-discharge lamps (EDLs). These lamps are selected based on the element being analyzed and the level of...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: atomization methods

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-atomization-methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Sample Atomization

Atomic absorption spectroscopy uses sample atomization to turn a liquid specimen into free atoms for analysis. The two main approaches are flame atomization and electrothermal atomization. Both methods prepare the sample so its atoms can be measured by the instrument. Flame atomization uses a nebulizer and spray chamber to mix the sample with a fuel-oxidant mixture. This creates a fine aerosol mist that enters the burner. The fuel and oxidant are usually close to a stoichiometric ratio, but a...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: interference

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Correcting Errors in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Atomic absorption spectroscopy interference can create systematic error by making the analytical signal or the background look stronger or weaker than it should be. In atomic absorption measurements, these errors are usually grouped as spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference. Spectral interference happens when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, the substance being measured. This overlap can falsely raise or hide the analyte...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: lab

AAS Sample Prep and Calibration

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) depends on careful sample preparation and calibration. Samples must be turned into clear solutions before measurement. That often means extra treatment to dissolve materials such as soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common sample prep methods include hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, and fusion with reagents. These steps help make the sample suitable for AAS analysis. Solutions that contain organic...

atomic emission spectroscopy: overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy is used to identify the elements in a sample by measuring the light they emit. Atoms are first excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from hot sources such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When they fall back to lower energy levels, they give off light at specific wavelengths. Each element produces its own set of lines, so the emission spectrum can show both what is present and how much is there. AES instruments are similar to atomic absorption spectrometers,...

atomic emission spectroscopy: instrumentation

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-instrumentation

AES Sample Handling and Detection

Atomic emission spectrometry (AES) uses sample handling, atomization, and detection parts to measure emitted light from atoms and ions. The sample must first be changed into a gas-phase form so it can produce a measurable signal. AES uses two main atomizer types. Continuous atomizers, such as flames and plasmas, feed the sample in a steady stream. Discrete atomizers add one sample at a time with syringes or autosamplers. The electrothermal atomizer is the most common discrete type. Many...

atomic emission spectroscopy: interference

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-interference

Reducing Interference in AES Signals

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) can produce interfering signals when atoms and molecules in a flame or plasma emit overlapping light. High-temperature atomizers excite many species at once, including oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products. These extra emissions can make the analyte signal harder to read. Spectral interference happens when emission lines or bands overlap. One way to reduce it is to improve instrument resolution. Another is to choose a different emission line for...

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy: principle

inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy-principle

ICP-AES Torch and Sample Analysis

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy uses a plasma torch to analyze elements in a sample. This method is also called inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, or ICP-OES. It is widely used because the plasma creates a strong environment for elemental analysis. The ICP source, or torch, contains three concentric quartz tubes. Argon gas flows through the tubes. A spark from a Tesla coil starts the ionization of argon and creates a high-temperature plasma. The...

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy: instrumentation

inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy

ICP-AES Instrument Types and Detection

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, or ICP-AES, uses an inductively coupled plasma to detect and analyze elements in a sample. The method measures the light given off by atoms, which helps identify and compare different elements. It is a common approach in atomic emission spectroscopy. ICP-AES instruments are built in three main forms: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments. Fourier transform designs are less commonly used, but they are...

atomic emission spectroscopy: lab

Plasma Sources in Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Atomic emission spectroscopy uses plasma sources to identify elements by their light. The method creates abundant spectra with characteristic emission lines. Inductively coupled plasma, or ICP, is especially useful because it gives strong quantitative data. It works well under stable conditions, with low noise, low background, and few interferences. Newer air-operated microwave sources are also being studied. These sources may be more cost-effective than conventional ICP systems. Atomic...

atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

Measuring Elements by Atomic Fluorescence

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy measures elements by detecting the light atoms give off after they are excited by electromagnetic radiation. The atoms are first placed in a flame, furnace, or plasma. They absorb energy, become excited, and then release that energy as they return to their original state. The emitted light is called fluorescence. The fluorescence is observed at a right angle to the incoming beam. This setup helps separate the emitted light from the light used to excite the...

flame photometry: overview

Flame Emission Spectrometry Basics

Flame emission spectrometry uses a flame to excite elements in a sample so their light can be measured. It is also called flame photometry. The method can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements. The idea became established in the early 1860s when Kirchhoff and Bunsen showed that specific elements give off characteristic radiation in a flame. The first instrument for this purpose measured sodium in plant ash with a Bunsen flame. A major problem was how to add the...

flame photometry: lab

Flame Photometry and Metal Detection

Flame photometry is a method for detecting metals by measuring the light they emit in a flame. A solution such as potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame. The solvent evaporates first. The remaining salt becomes dehydrated and then dissociates into free gaseous atoms in the ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame and move to an excited state. When they return to the ground state, they emit photons at characteristic wavelengths. These emissions are very narrow...

key terms and concepts

Learn how atomic emission spectroscopy uses emitted light to identify elements, compare ICP-AES and ICP-OES, and measure samples with calibration curves.

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Element Analysis | JoVE K12

JoVE Core 分析化学 は、複雑な化学原理をアニメーションで視覚化することで、SI 単位から NMR 分光法を含むトピックをよりわかりやすくします。実験を撮影した実写動画では、これらの概念が世界中の研究所でどのように応用されているかを取り上げています。

analytical chemistry

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Place In The Universe

HS-ESS1-2

Chemistry

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Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-6

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

waves-and-their-applications-in-technologies-for-information-transfer

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

C-PS4-4

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Students who demonstrate understanding can develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the life span of the sun and the role of nuclear fusion in the sun's core to release energy in the form of radiation.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the energy transfer mechanisms that allow energy from nuclear fusion in the sun's core to reach Earth.  Examples of evidence for the model include observations of the masses and lifetimes of other stars, as well as the ways that the sun's radiation varies due to sudden solar flares ("space weather"), the 11-year sunspot cycle, and non-cyclic variations over centuries.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include details of the atomic and sub-atomic processes involved with the sun's nuclear fusion.

3.3.9-12.A

Emission Spectra

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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

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3.3.9-12.B

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

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3.3.9-12.D

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Element Analysis

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