Name: fret as a molecular ruler in cells
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:31:47.000Z
Duration: 6 min 39 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS. Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

HS-PS4-5.

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)

フェルスター共鳴エネルギー移動(FRET)は、近距離の生化学的相互作用を調査するために使用される現象です。FRETでは、ドナーフォトルミネッセンス分子は、それぞれの発光スペクトルと吸光度スペクトルが重なれば、非放射的にエネルギーをアクセプター分子に伝達することができます。伝達されるエネルギーの量、ひいてはサンプルの全体的な放出は、フォトルミネッセンス分子のアクセプター-ドナーペアの近接性に依存します。FRET分析は、他の生化学技術と組み合わせて、この「分光定規」から生体分子の構造と相互作用の詳細な情報を取得します。 
このビデオでは、FRET解析の原理と概念について説明します。この手順では、FRETのサンプルの準備と、データの表示と解釈の方法に焦点を当てています。最後に、アプリケーションには、細胞またはタンパク質の一部を標識することによるコンフォメーションおよび細胞プロセスのモニタリング、タンパク質構造を変化させる酵素反応のモニタリング、およびFRETを使用した細胞によって発現されるモノマーの凝集のモニタリングが含まれます。

蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動 (fret)

蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動 (FRET) は、近距離の生化学的な相互作用を調査するために使用する現象です。フレットのドナー蓄光分子非放射活性を転送できますエネルギー受容体分子にそれぞれ排出量と吸光度スペクトルが重なっている場合。転送されたエネルギーの量 &#8212; とサンプルの全体的な放出したがって &#8212; 蓄光分子のドナー-アクセプタ対の近さによって異なります。フレットの解析はこれから生体分子構造と相互作用の詳細な情報を取得するその他の生化学の手法を組み合わせて &#8220; 分光ルーラー。 &#8221; このビデオの原則と FRET 解析の概念をカバー。手順は、フレットとの方法を提示し、データを解釈するためのサンプルの準備について説明します。最後に、セルまたは蛋白質、蛋白質の構造を変える酵素反応の監視の部分のラベル化による構造と細胞のプロセスを監視するアプリケーションが含まれます、セルによって表される単量体の集合を監視するフレットを使用します。
<div class="chapter_text"id="script_0"> 発光分子間エネルギーの非放射伝達であり 蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動、またはフレット、近距離の生化学的な相互作用を調査するために用いられます。フレットは 10 内蛍光分子の間隔が場合にのみ発生しますお互いの nm。フレットの分析は、詳細な構造情報を取得する他の手法と組み合わせることができます。このビデオがフレットの基本原則を紹介、プロトコルおよびデータのプレゼンテーションを要約し、いくつかの生化学的応用を議論。
</div> <div class="chapter_text"id="script_1"> A 蓄光分子を蛍光体などの吸収スペクトルの波長の電磁波を吸収することによって興奮しています。それが緩和、その発光スペクトルの波長の光を出力します。蛍光の詳細については、参照してくださいゼウス &#39; s 蛍光顕微鏡ビデオ。異なる蛍光物質を吸収し、頻繁に重複する別の波長の光を発する。別蛍光体の吸収スペクトルと、蛍光体の発光スペクトルが大幅に重なっている場合、&#8220; ドナー &#8221; によって吸収される仮想光子をリリース、&#8220; 受容体 &#8221;。興奮してドナーがある 10 nm アクセプター、エネルギーのドナーからアクセプターに双極子-双極子相互作用によって転送されます。ドナーから光の放射によるエネルギーの放出はそれに応じて低下します。一方、興奮の受容体はその発光波長で発光します。フレットの応答は、効率、または蛍光または放射の他のプロセスではなくフレットによってドナーから放出されるエネルギーの割合の面で評価されます。効率は、ドナーとアクセプターとして機能するフレットを可能にする間の距離に強く依存する &#39; 分子 &#39; または &#39; 分光 &#39; ルーラー。
生化学、フレット用いられる質的彼らは互いのフレット範囲外移動と fluorophores を監視することによって分子構造変化を観察します。同様に、フレットのペアを含む分子と細胞機能を学ぶことができます。ラベル付きの分子は酵素活性、フレット停止し観察される蛍光の波長変化によって切断されかどうか。
フレットの背後にある原理を理解することができます &#39; プロトコルと提示し、データを解釈するいくつかの方法の概要を見て。
</div> <div class="chapter_text"id="script_2"> 前に実験、関心、DNA やタンパク質の生体蛍光タグで分子生物学手法修正を導入する一般的な方法を使用して工作。細胞に遺伝物質は、トランスフェクション、エレクトロポレーション。
、セルが例えば蛍光顕微鏡でフレット可視化の準備、分子が 1 分子 FRET のスライドに固定化される可能性がありますまたはサンプルは、高スループット スクリーニングのための井戸に読み込まれます。
、励起レーザー、顕微鏡および関連機器用意しています。(A) フレット実験は度々 強力なレーザー。(B) 適切な PPE と安全手順を使用する必要がありますサンプルは楽器に配置し励起レーザー点灯。。
</div> <div class="chapter_text"id="script_3"> 実験細胞の挙動を監視、カラー画像表示の違いまたは発光強度の変化は使用されます。ドナーとアクセプターの発光強度をプロット一緒に時間をかけてフレット応答を追跡するため。
フレット データより複雑な分析のためのさまざまな機能に合うことができます。によって実験データが提示されて最高を表す複数の方法で柔軟な実験ツールをフレットを作る結果。
</div> <div class="chapter_text"id="script_4"> 今あなた &#39; 実行とフレット実験の分析の基礎を使い慣れてみましょう &#39; 生化学研究でフレットのいくつかのアプリケーションを見て。
フレットは、タンパク質や細胞の 10 の内で移動すると予測の部分のラベル化による構造変化や細胞プロセスを研究するため使用ことができますフレット ペアでお互いの nm。たとえば、タンパク質センサーは、fluorophores のペアを持つ受容体の分類によって準備されます。フレットの応答は、共焦点顕微鏡によるライブ監視されます。発光波長と強度の変化を示す変化。
フレットは、アクティブなフレットのペアを持つ分子の準備および応答の変化を観察することによっても使用できます。基板を切断すると、排出量ドナーとアクセプター発光の減少の増加を引き起こしてフレットが中断されます。排出量は、ドナー、アクセプタ、フレットによっての貢献を決定するために分析されます。シアンと黄色蛍光タンパク質の直接排出係数が計算されると、濃度と基板の速度論的パラメーターを決定できます。
セルがフレットのペアは、その関数のいずれかを含むモノマーを表現する設計されて &#39; センサー &#39; これらの単量体間の相互作用のため。これらのモノマーの凝集を誘起すると、フレットの応答が観察されます。これを使用してによって引き起こされる蛋白質の集合を調査することができます &#39; シード &#39; タンパク質。セルされた名所抱卵し、フローサイトメトリーによる解析蛋白質の集合体増殖型、ここ。
</div> <div class="chapter_text"id="script_5"> あなた &#39; ve を見たゼウス &#39; s 蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動、またはフレットのビデオ。このビデオは、フレット、準備、フレットの実験、およびいくつかの生化学的アプリケーションの解析の基本原則を含まれている。
見てくれてありがとう!
</div>

蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動 (FRET)

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a phenomenon used to investigate close-range biochemical interactions. In FRET, a donor photoluminescent ...

FRETは、発光分子間のエネルギーの非放射移動であり、近距離の生化学的相互作用を調査するためによく使用されます。FRETは、蛍光分子が互いに10 nm以内に間隔を空けている場合にのみ発生します。FRET解析は、他の手法と組み合わせて、詳細な構造情報を取得できます。このビデオでは、FRETの基本原理を紹介し、プロトコルとデータプレゼンテーションを要約し、いくつかの生化学的アプリケーションについて説明します。蛍光色素分子のようなフォトルミネッセンス分子は、その吸収スペクトルの波長で電磁放射を吸収することによって励起されます。弛緩すると、発光スペクトル内の波長で光を放出します。蛍光の詳細については、JoVEの蛍光顕微鏡に関するビデオをご覧ください。異なる蛍光色素分子は、異なる波長の光を吸収および放出し、それらは頻繁に重なります。蛍光色素分子の発光スペクトルが別の蛍光色素分子の吸収スペクトルと大幅に重なる場合、「ドナー」?仮想光子を放出し、これは「アクセプター」によって吸収されます。励起されたドナーがアクセプターから10 nm以内にある場合、エネルギーは双極子-双極子相互作用によってドナーからアクセプターに伝達されます。ドナーからの光の放出によるエネルギーの放出は、それに応じて減少します。一方、励起されたアクセプターは、その発光波長で光を放出します。FRET応答は、効率、または蛍光やその他の放射プロセスではなくFRETによってドナーから放出されるエネルギーの割合の観点から評価されます。効率はドナーとアクセプターの間の距離に強く依存するため、FRETは「分子」または「分光」の定規として機能することができます。生化学では、FRETは、蛍光色素が互いのFRET範囲に出入りする際の蛍光色素分子のコンフォメーション変化を観察するために定性的に使用されることがよくあります。同様に、細胞の機能は、FRETペアを含む分子で研究できます。標識された分子が酵素活性によって切断されると、FRETは停止し、観察された蛍光波長が変化します。FRETの背後にある原理を理解したところで、プロトコルの概要と、データを表示および解釈するいくつかの方法を見てみましょう。実験に先立ち、目的の生体分子(通常はDNAまたはタンパク質)を、分子生物学的手法を使用して蛍光タグで操作します。改変された遺伝物質を細胞に導入する一般的な方法には、トランスフェクションとエレクトロポレーションが含まれます。次に、細胞を蛍光顕微鏡でFRET視覚化するために準備します。例えば、分子をスライド上に固定化して単一分子FRETにしたり、サンプルをウェルにロードしてハイスループットスクリーニングを行ったりします。次に、励起レーザー、顕微鏡、および関連機器を準備します。(A)FRET実験には、多くの場合、強力なレーザーが含まれます。(B)したがって、適切なPPEと安全手順を使用する必要があります。?次に、サンプルを装置に入れ、励起レーザーで照らします。細胞の挙動をモニタリングする実験では、発光強度の違いや変化を示すカラー画像を使用します。ドナーとアクセプターの放出強度を一緒にプロットして、FRETの応答を経時的に追跡します。FRETデータは、より複雑な分析のためにさまざまな機能に適合させることもできます。実験によっては、結果を最もよく表すためにデータを複数の方法で提示できるため、FRETは柔軟な実験ツールになります。FRET実験の実行と分析の基本を理解したところで、生化学研究におけるFRETのいくつかのアプリケーションを見てみましょう。FRETは、互いに10 nm以内に移動すると予測されるタンパク質または細胞の一部をFRETペアで標識することにより、コンフォメーション変化または細胞プロセスを研究するために使用できます。例えば、タンパク質センサーは、一対の蛍光色素で受容体を標識することによって調製されます。FRET応答は、共焦点顕微鏡によってライブで監視されます。発光波長と発光強度の変動は、立体配座の変化を示しています。FRETは、活性FRETペアを持つ分子を調製し、応答の変化を観察することによっても使用できます。基板が切断されると、FRETが破壊され、ドナー放出が増加し、アクセプター放出が減少します。排出量は、ドナー、アクセプター、およびFRETによる貢献を決定するために分析されます。シアン色および黄色の蛍光タンパク質の直接発光係数が計算されると、基質の濃度および速度論的パラメータを決定できます。FRETペアのいずれかを含むモノマーを発現するように設計された細胞は、それらのモノマー間の相互作用の「センサー」として機能します。これらのモノマーの凝集が誘導されると、FRET応答が観察されます。これは、誤って折りたたまれたタンパク質の「播種」によって引き起こされるタンパク質凝集を調査するために使用できます。ここでは、細胞に目的のタンパク質の凝集体を形質導入し、インキュベートし、フローサイトメトリーで分析しました。JoVEのF?rster Resonance Energy Transfer(FRET)に関するビデオをご覧になりました。このビデオには、FRETの基本原理、FRET実験の準備と分析、およびいくつかの生化学的アプリケーションが含まれていました。ご覧いただきありがとうございます!

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fret as a molecular ruler in cells

Föster resonance energy transfer, or FRET, is a way to study close-range biochemical interactions using light-emitting molecules. A donor fluorophore can pass energy to an acceptor fluorophore when their emission and absorption spectra overlap. This transfer happens only when the pair is very close together, usually within 10 nm.

Because FRET depends on distance, it is often called a molecular or spectroscopic ruler. The strength of the signal is measured as FRET efficiency, which describes how much donor energy is transferred instead of being released as fluorescence. Researchers use this relationship to learn about biomolecular structure and interactions.

FRET is often used to follow conformational changes in proteins and other cell molecules. It can also help monitor cellular processes when fluorophores move in and out of FRET range. If an enzyme cuts a labeled molecule, FRET stops, and the emission pattern changes.

To run a FRET experiment, the biomolecules of interest, usually DNA or proteins, are engineered with fluorescent tags. Modified genetic material is commonly introduced into cells by transfection or electroporation. The samples are then prepared for visualization on a fluorescence microscope, either by immobilizing molecules on a slide for single-molecule FRET or by loading them into wells for high-throughput screening.

The microscope, lasers, and related equipment are prepared before the sample is illuminated. FRET experiments often use powerful lasers, so proper PPE and safety procedures are important. The sample is then analyzed as donor and acceptor signals are recorded.

FRET data can be shown in different ways depending on the experiment. Color images may show changes in emission intensity in live-cell studies. Donor and acceptor intensities can also be plotted over time, and the results may be fitted to functions for more complex analysis.

FRET has several biochemical applications. Protein sensors can be built by labeling receptors with a FRET pair and tracking changes with confocal microscopy. FRET can also be used to study enzyme reactions that alter protein structure, and the emissions can be analyzed to separate donor, acceptor, and FRET contributions.

Another use is monitoring monomer aggregation in cells. Cells can be designed to express monomers that contain one part of a FRET pair, and aggregation produces a measurable FRET response. This approach can help study protein aggregation triggered by seeding with misfolded proteins, using transduced cells followed by incubation and flow cytometry.

FRET as a Molecular Ruler in Cells

dialysis: diffusion based separation

Dialysis for Buffer Exchange in Biochemistry

Dialysis is a common biochemistry technique for buffer exchange and desalting. It separates molecules by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, which lets small molecules pass while holding larger biomolecules inside the sample. The membrane is the key part of the setup. Its pores create a molecular weight cutoff, so a membrane such as a 10 kDa membrane usually keeps molecules larger than 10 kilodaltons inside. This cutoff is not exact, because membranes have a range of pore sizes.

enzyme assays and kinetics

Measuring Enzyme Reaction Rates

Enzyme reaction rates can be measured with assays that track how substrate or product levels change over time. Enzymes are proteins, or sometimes RNAs, that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to start them. They act on a specific substrate and help form a product that supports life processes. Enzymatic reactions are often described in three steps. First, the substrate binds to the enzyme active site and forms an enzyme-substrate complex. That complex can fall...

maldi-tof mass spectrometry

How MALDI-TOF Reads Biomolecules

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry reads biomolecules by using a laser, a matrix, and a time-of-flight analyzer. MALDI, or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, helps fragile molecules keep their structure while they are moved into the mass analyzer. The analyzer then separates compounds based on size and charge. In MALDI, the sample is mixed into a matrix, usually an organic compound with aromatic and conjugated double bonds. A laser pulse strikes the spot, and the matrix absorbs most of the...

tandem mass spectrometry

Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Biomolecule Analysis

Tandem mass spectrometry is used to isolate a biomolecule and break it into smaller pieces so its makeup can be studied. Because biomolecules often have large, complex structures, it can be hard to identify their molecular composition and sequence from a single measurement. By linking mass spectrometers in series, the technique first selects one ion and then analyzes the fragments it produces. The process starts with an ion source that converts the sample into ions. A mass analyzer then...

protein crystallization

Protein Crystals for Structure Analysis

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chromatography-based biomolecule purification methods

chromatography-based-biomolecule-purification-methods

Protein Purification with SEC and IMAC

Protein purification with size-exclusion chromatography and affinity chromatography helps isolate biomolecules from complex mixtures. These methods are common in biochemistry because purified samples are needed before a biomolecule’s properties and activity can be studied. The video focuses on the principles behind size-exclusion chromatography, affinity chromatography, and immobilized metal affinity chromatography, or IMAC. Size-exclusion chromatography, or SEC, separates molecules by size. A...

two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

Protein Mapping with 2D Gel Electrophoresis

Protein mapping with 2D gel electrophoresis separates complex protein mixtures across two steps. The method combines isoelectric focusing, or IEF, with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or SDS-PAGE. Together, these methods can resolve thousands of biomolecules from a single sample by their isoelectric point and molecular weight. The first dimension is IEF. Each protein has an isoelectric point, or pI, which is the pH where its net charge is zero. Proteins are loaded...

metabolic labeling

Tracking Cell Chemistry with Metabolic Labels

Metabolic labeling tracks cell chemistry by using chemical analogs that cells take up and build into biomolecules. These labels help scientists follow biochemical changes and modifications inside cells. The labeled products can then be studied with tools such as SDS-PAGE and NMR to learn more about metabolic pathways. Several labeling strategies are shown here. Isotopic labeling uses analogs that match the natural molecule but contain uncommon isotopes, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 in an...

electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa)

electrophoretic-mobility-shift-assay-emsa

Detecting Protein-DNA Binding by EMSA

Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, or EMSA, is a biochemical method used to detect binding between proteins and nucleic acids. It is also called a gel shift assay. The test compares how a labeled nucleic acid moves through a gel before and after it binds a protein. EMSA is used to see whether a specific protein binds to a specific nucleic acid. First, the nucleic acid is labeled to make a probe. The transcript describes radioactive phosphorus-32 as a common label. The probe is then mixed...

photometric protein determination

Measuring Protein Concentration with Absorbance

Measuring protein concentration with absorbance is a key step in many biochemical assays. Photometric methods use the fact that samples with more light-absorbing material transmit less light. Because concentration and absorption are directly related, this makes it possible to measure an unknown sample. The core idea comes from the Beer-Lambert Law. This law states that the concentration of a light-absorbing species is proportional to its absorbance. The video also introduces the Bradford assay...

density gradient ultracentrifugation

Sucrose Gradient Separation in an Ultracentrifuge

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co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays

co-immunoprecipitation-and-pull-down-assays

Protein Interaction Capture Methods in Cells

Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays are laboratory methods used to capture stable protein-protein interactions. Protein-protein interactions help control many biological functions, but many of them have not yet been identified. These assays are related to immunoprecipitation, which isolates a target protein from a mixed sample using an antibody. In co-immunoprecipitation, or CoIP, an antibody binds the target protein, and that protein is already attached to another protein that the...

reconstitution of membrane proteins

Membrane Proteins in Liposome Models

Membrane proteins can be moved into liposome models so their function can be studied outside a cell. Reconstitution means restoring an isolated biomolecule to a working form. For membrane proteins, that usually means placing a purified protein into an artificial lipid membrane. Cell membranes are made mainly of phospholipids and membrane proteins. The phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophilic phosphate heads facing water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing inward. Some membrane...

f&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (fret)

Föster resonance energy transfer, or FRET, is a way to study close-range biochemical interactions using light-emitting molecules. A donor fluorophore can pass energy to an acceptor fluorophore when their emission and absorption spectra overlap. This transfer happens only when the pair is very close together, usually within 10 nm. Because FRET depends on distance, it is often called a molecular or spectroscopic ruler. The strength of the signal is measured as FRET efficiency, which describes...

surface plasmon resonance (spr)

SPR Biosensors for Tracking Binding Kinetics

Surface plasmon resonance, or SPR, is a way to track biomolecular binding on a label-free biosensor. It is used to measure molecular affinity, kinetics, specificity, and concentration. The method works with a thin metal layer on a prism, where changes in reflected light reveal interactions in real time. SPR sensors use a thin layer of a noble metal on the face of a prism. Light is reflected from the prism-metal interface into a photodetector. At one specific angle, called the surface plasmon...

biochemistry

このコレクションでは、親和性クロマトグラフィーなどの一般的に使用される精製方法や、MALDI-TOFなどの分析方法について紹介します。さらに、共同免疫沈降法や代謝標識法など、生体分子の相互作用や機能を評価する方法も紹介します。

Learn how FRET uses donor and acceptor fluorophores to measure distance, track protein changes, and study enzyme activity in cells.

FRET as a Molecular Ruler in Cells | JoVE K12

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-1.

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-6.

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-1.

Overview

Principles of FRET

Performing the FRET Experiment

Data Presentation and Analysis

Applications

Summary

Travelling Waves

A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. ...

Wave Parameters

The simplest mechanical waves are associated with simple harmonic motion and repeat themselves for several cycles. These simple harmonic waves can be ...

Equations of Wave Motion

Mathematically, the motion of a wave can be studied using a wavefunction. Consider a string oscillating up and down in simple harmonic motion, having a ...

Graphing the Wave Function

Consider the wave equation for a sinusoidal wave moving in the positive x-direction. The wave equation is a function of both position and time. From the ...

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Velocity and Acceleration of a Wave

A wave propagates through a medium with a constant speed, known as a wave velocity. It is different from the speed of the particles of the medium, which ...

Speed of a Transverse Wave

The speed of a wave depends on the characteristics of the medium. For example, in the case of a guitar, the strings vibrate to produce the sound. The ...

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problem-solving-tuning-of-a-guitar-string

Problem-Solving: Tuning of a Guitar String

In the case of stringed instruments like the guitar, the elastic property that determines the speed of the sound produced is its linear mass density or ...

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Kinetic and Potential Energy of a Wave

All forms of waves carry energy; this is directly visualized in nature. For instance, the waves of earthquakes are so intense that they can shake huge ...

Energy and Power of a Wave

The total energy associated with a wavelength is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy. The average rate of energy transfer associated ...

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect ...

Reflection of Waves

When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at ...

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second ...

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a ...

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Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. ...

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Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions ...

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Sound Waves

Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium&#39;s ...

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As ...

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Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different ...

Speed of Sound in Solids and Liquids

Most solids and liquids are incompressible&#8212;their densities remain constant throughout. In the presence of an external force, the molecules tend to ...

Speed of Sound in Gases

The speed of sound in a gaseous medium depends on various factors. Since gases constitute molecules that are free to move, they are highly compressible. ...

Shock Waves

While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the ...

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More ...

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Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the period, frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling and transferring energy (amplitude, frequency) in various media.

HS-PS4-1.

Using GIS to Investigate Urban Forestry

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Urban forests broadly include urban parks, street trees, landscaped ...

Evaluate questions about the advantages of using a digital transmission and storage of information.

HS-PS4-2.

concept-of-resonance-and-its-characteristics

Concept of Resonance and its Characteristics

If a driven oscillator needs to resonate at a specific frequency, then very light damping is required. An example of light damping includes playing piano ...

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Sound Waves: Resonance

Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical ...

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure ...

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two ...

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The Wave Nature of Light

The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms ...

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the ...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of ...

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy ...

Interference and Diffraction

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Interference and diffraction ...

Photoelectric Effect

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38;&#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Photoelectric effect ...

Reflection and Refraction

Source: Derek Wilson,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA
...

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model (quantum theory), and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other.

HS-PS4-3.

Electric Charge in a Magnetic Field

Source: Andrew Duffy, PhD, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA
This experiment duplicates J.J. Thomson's famous experiment at the end of ...

Electromagnetic Fields

Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by ...

Electromagnetic Waves

James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his ...

Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as ...

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of ...

Plane Electromagnetic Waves II

Consider a plane wavefront traveling in position x-direction with a constant speed. This wavefront can be utilized to obtain the relationship between ...

propagation-speed-of-electromagnetic-waves

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere&#39;s law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere&#39;s law is given as:


Consider a plane ...

Electromagnetic Waves in Matter

Electromagnetic waves can travel in the vacuum as well as in matter. For example light, which is an electromagnetic wave, can travel through air, water, ...

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun&#39;s ...

Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves

The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a ...

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Source: Frederick W. Damen and Craig J. Goergen, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
In this video, high ...

an-introduction-to-drosophila-melanogaster

An Introduction to Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster, also known as the fruit fly, is a powerful model organism widely used in biological research that has made significant ...

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.

HS-PS4-4.

FRET as a Molecular Ruler in Cells

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