単純蒸留

Before beginning laboratory work, put on a lab coat, splash-proof safety glasses, and nitrile gloves. These items protect you from chemical splashes, vapors, and skin contact with solvents used during distillation experiments. Always ensure all protective equipment is properly fitted and in good condition before starting any lab procedure.

Insert the thermometer into the thermometer adapter by gently pushing and twisting it through the top. Adjust the thermometer until the bulb sits below the bend in the distilling head. This positioning ensures accurate temperature readings of the vapor being distilled, which is critical for collecting the correct fraction.

Clamp the condenser to a stand oriented diagonally toward the side joint of the distilling head. Connect rubber tubing from the tap water faucet to the inlet port, which is further from the distilling head, and attach the outlet port to the drain. This configuration ensures efficient cooling of vapors as they pass through the condenser.

Water enters through the inlet port, which is the port further from the distilling head, and exits through the outlet port closer to the distilling head. This countercurrent flow maximizes heat exchange efficiency, keeping the condenser jacket cool and ensuring effective vapor condensation throughout the distillation process.

A heating mantle placed on a stir plate provides controlled heat to the round-bottom flask. The heating mantle connects to a temperature controller, which regulates the heating rate and maintains consistent temperatures. This setup allows precise control over the distillation process and prevents overheating of the sample.

Pour appropriate amounts of each solvent into labeled glass bottles so students can measure their portions without handling large stock bottles. For example, if each group needs 2 mL of toluene and 2 mL of cyclohexane, prepare enough for all groups. Store these prepared solvents in the instructor hood for safe student access during the experiment.

Plastic joint clips secure each connection point throughout the distillation apparatus, including where the distilling head connects to the flask and where the condenser attaches to the distilling head. These clips prevent glassware from separating during heating and ensure a stable, leak-free setup for safe and effective distillation.