組成による物質の分類

Pure substances have constant composition throughout with uniform properties, while mixtures contain two or more types of matter in varying amounts. Pure substances maintain the same composition regardless of their source, whereas mixtures can be separated by physical means without changing component identities. For example, water is a pure substance, but lemonade is a mixture of lemon juice, sugar, and water.

Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, such as helium or oxygen. Compounds are pure substances that can be chemically separated into simpler substances or other compounds. For instance, water is a compound that breaks down into hydrogen and oxygen through chemical processes, while helium remains unchanged.

A homogeneous mixture, also called a solution, exhibits uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout, like salt dissolved in water. A heterogeneous mixture has composition that varies from point to point, such as sand mixed with iron filings. In homogeneous mixtures, every sample portion has identical composition, while heterogeneous mixtures show visible separation of components.

Most elements readily combine with other elements to form compounds, making compounds far more abundant than pure elements in nature. For example, chalk contains calcium, carbon, and oxygen combined together, and sugar contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. This tendency of elements to bond with each other explains why pure elemental forms are relatively rare compared to their combined forms.

Mixtures can be separated into pure components using physical means without changing the identities of the components. Salt can be recovered from a water solution by heating the mixture to dryness, and iron filings can be separated from sand using a magnet. These physical separation methods work for both homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Atoms are the smallest basic units of matter, while molecules are formed by combining two or more atoms together. All matter is composed of these fundamental building blocks. For example, helium matter consists of helium atoms, and water matter consists of water molecules made from hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonded together.

When elements chemically combine to form compounds, their properties change dramatically from their uncombined state. For instance, free sodium is a soft, shiny metal, and free chlorine is a yellow-green gas, but when combined they form sodium chloride, a white crystalline solid with entirely different physical and chemical properties of matter.