自由体図: 例

A free-body diagram is a sketch showing all external forces acting on an isolated object or system, represented as a single point with force vectors extending outward. It simplifies force analysis by displaying only forces originating outside the object, making it easier to solve problems involving internal and external forces and apply Newton's laws to predict motion.

Forces are represented as vectors extending outward from the free body point. Each vector's direction indicates the force direction, and its length represents the force magnitude. Directions are labeled with plus or minus signs, with conventions like rightward as positive. This visual representation helps identify which forces act on an object and their relative magnitudes.

When analyzing a system with multiple objects like a cart carrying a box, separate diagrams isolate each object's external forces. The box experiences gravitational force, normal force, and friction from the cart, while the cart experiences its own weight, ground forces, and applied push. Separating them prevents confusion between internal forces between objects and external forces acting on each.

An object hanging from a chain experiences two forces: gravitational force pulling downward due to its mass and tension in the chain pulling upward. These opposing forces can be represented in a free-body diagram as vectors extending from a point, showing how the tension must equal the weight for the object to remain in equilibrium.

On an inclined surface like a slope, the normal force is drawn perpendicular to the slope surface and friction parallel to it. The weight vector has components along both axes: one perpendicular to the slope and one parallel to it. This decomposition allows you to analyze forces in directions relevant to the surface geometry and motion constraints.

Vertical forces can be ignored when there is no vertical acceleration, meaning upward and downward forces cancel each other. For example, a rocket sled on a horizontal surface has normal force balancing weight, leaving only horizontal forces to analyze. This simplification reduces the problem to one dimension, making calculations more straightforward.

Include only external forces acting on the object from outside sources: gravitational force, normal force, friction, tension, applied pushes, and thrust. Exclude internal forces between components within the system. For a person sitting on a chair, show only the chair's normal force upward and gravitational force downward, not internal muscle forces.