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JoVE Core
Pharmacology
薬物の投与経路:注射投与
Video Quiz
薬物の投与経路:注射投与
JoVE Core
Pharmacology
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JoVE Core Pharmacology
Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

1.11: 薬物の投与経路:注射投与

3,459 Views
01:25 min
September 22, 2023
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

注射投与経路を使った薬物の投与は、薬物を直接全身循環に導入することができ、薬物の生体利用率が高くなります。なぜなら、薬物は胃腸管や肝臓の代謝を受ける過酷な条件を迂回するからです。

静脈内(IV)の薬物投与経路は、さらに2つのタイプに分類することができます。急速静注では、全量の薬物を迅速に注射しますが、持続静注は少量の薬物をゆっくりと連続的に投与します。

静脈内投与は、刺激性のある溶液に適しているため、迅速な血流が溶液を速やかに希釈し、患者に不快感や害を与える可能性を軽減します。ただし、IV注射は迅速かつ高濃度の薬物を血液中にもたらすこともあり、副作用発症のリスクを増加させます。また、投与部位が汚染されていると、感染のリスクが高まります。

もう1つの注射投与法は筋内経路であり、薬物を筋肉に直接注射します。筋肉内の血流が薬物の吸収を促進します。水性溶液の場合、吸収は通常すばやく行われますが、油性製剤の場合は吸収が遅くかつ持続的になります。

皮膚と筋肉層の間の組織に薬物を投与する皮下経路は、通常ゆっくりと安定した吸収を提供し、持続的な効果を発揮します。特定の薬物は、固形形態で皮下に埋め込まれるように設計されており、徐々に吸収されて延長された治療効果をもたらします。

Transcript

Parenteral routes deliver drugs directly into the systemic circulation, which provides high bioavailability as the drugs bypass the harsh GI environment and hepatic metabolism.

In the intravenous route, a bolus injection rapidly administers the complete dose, whereas an IV infusion injects smaller doses slowly and at a constant rate.

The IV route is preferred for irritating solutions as the blood rapidly dilutes them.

IV injections result in rapid and high drug concentrations, so the risk of adverse reactions is high. The route may also introduce infective agents if the administration site is contaminated.

The intramuscular route administers the drug into a muscle. Muscle perfusion by blood aids absorption. Aqueous solutions of drugs are rapidly absorbed, but slower and sustained absorption occurs if nonaqueous vehicles are used.

The subcutaneous route injects the drug into the tissues between the skin and the muscle.

Absorption is relatively slow and constant, which provides sustained effects.

Some drugs are implanted in their solid forms under the skin, allowing for slow absorption and long-term activity.

Explore More Videos

非経口投与 静脈内投与 IVボーラス注射 静脈内投与 薬物バイオアベイラビリティ 薬物吸収 筋肉内投与 皮下投与 筋灌流 徐放性 副作用 感染性物質

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