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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
直接作用コリン作動薬は、合成コリンエステルや天然アルカロイドなどのような薬物で、アセチルコリンの作用を強化し、副交感神経系を刺激することによってその有効性を発揮します。合成コリンエステルはアセチルコリンと構造的類似性を持っています。たとえば、陽イオンの第四級アンモニウムまたはオニウム基を持ち、親水性の特徴を持っています。そのため、経口投与による体内吸収は悪く、血液脳関門を越えることができません。対照的に、アルカロイドは三次アミンであり、体内に容易に吸収されて血液脳関門を越えることができます。特に、第四級アミンを含むアルカロイドであるムスカリンは吸収が悪く、中枢神経系に毒性有効性を引き起こします。
直接作用コリン作動薬の薬物動態学は、その治療的応用において重要な役割を果たしています。アセチルコリンは眼科手術の際に瞳孔を収縮させるための薬物として使用され、点眼薬として投与されます。同様に、カルバコールは緑内障の治療において点眼薬として局所的に適応されます。さらに、別のアルカロイドであるピロカルピンは、眼に挿入された眼内挿入剤を介して瞳孔を収縮させます。ベタネコールは吸収が限定的であり、通常は口から複数回投与されます。主に尿路と消化器に作用し、手術後の尿の滞留に使用されます。脱アセチルコリンエステラーゼによる分解されず、尿の酸性化によって体外への排泄が促進されます。
Recall that direct-acting cholinergic agonists mimic the actions of ACh and are categorized as choline esters and alkaloids.
Choline esters—including ACh and its synthetic derivatives—being quaternary amines, are hydrophilic in nature. So, they have poor oral absorption and fail to cross the blood-brain barrier or BBB.
ACh—the endogenous choline ester, is rapidly inactivated by AChEs and hydrolyzed into choline and acetate. As a result, a higher IV dose is essential to induce its pharmacological action.
Synthetic choline esters are relatively more stable and resistant to hydrolysis by AChEs, correlating with their longer duration of action.
In general, choline esters are short-acting agents as they are rapidly eliminated via the urine.
The naturally occurring alkaloids are tertiary amines, except muscarine. So, they are readily absorbed from the site of administration, can cross the BBB, and are eliminated via the renal route.
Acidification of the urine can accelerate the clearance of alkaloids. As protonation of tertiary amines reduces their lipophilicity, acidification promotes rapid renal elimination.
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