応力-ひずみ図 - 脆性材料

Brittle materials like concrete and glass fracture with minimal strain because microscopic flaws such as cracks or cavities weaken them under tensile stress. These defects concentrate stress locally, causing rapid failure once the ultimate strength is reached. Unlike ductile materials, brittle materials show no significant necking before rupture.

Under tension, concrete exhibits a linear elastic range until yield, then strain increases rapidly until rupture. Under compression, the linear elastic range is larger, and stress decreases while strain continues increasing until rupture. The modulus of elasticity remains equal in both directions for most brittle materials.

Microscopic defects like cracks and cavities significantly weaken brittle materials under tensile stress by creating stress concentration points. These same defects have minimal impact on compressive strength because compression closes rather than opens these flaws, allowing the material to resist higher loads.

Brittle materials fail primarily due to normal stresses acting perpendicular to the load direction. The rupture surface orientation reflects this failure mechanism, as normal stresses create the maximum tensile stress perpendicular to the applied load, causing the material to fracture along that plane.

The absence of necking in brittle materials indicates they lack significant plastic deformation capacity. Necking, a local reduction in cross-sectional area, occurs in ductile materials during plastic behavior. Brittle materials transition directly from elastic deformation to fracture without this intermediate plastic stage.

Yes, for brittle materials, ultimate strength and breaking strength are identical. This occurs because brittle materials rupture immediately upon reaching their maximum stress capacity without any additional strain. Ductile materials, by contrast, continue to deform after reaching ultimate strength before final rupture.

The modulus of elasticity is represented by the slope of the linear region in the stress-strain diagram. For brittle materials, this slope remains consistent in both tension and compression, indicating uniform stiffness in both loading directions. A steeper slope indicates greater material stiffness.