知的障害

Intellectual disability, previously termed as mental retardation, has been defined by significant cognitive deficits—which have been established through a standardized measure of intelligence, in particular, with an IQ score of below 70 and two standard deviations below the mean of 100 in the population.

Currently, a clinical diagnosis requires a score of two or more standard deviations below the population norm.

Functional and adaptive behavior in individuals with intellectual disabilities is significantly impaired. This includes essential skills for independent living, such as dressing, eating, and bathing, with minimal assistance.

Finally, these limitations must appear during the developmental period.

Intellectual disability may stem from genetic causes, such as Down syndrome or Fragile X syndrome, or brain injury and infections.

Environmental factors include exposure to toxins such as lead and mercury.

Sociocultural factors, such as poverty, malnutrition, and poor health stemming from inadequate access to health care, can lead to intellectual disability.

 Insufficient mental stimulation due to limited cultural or educational opportunities can also contribute to intellectual disability.