자본(주주자본)

Shareholders' equity is calculated as the difference between a company's total assets and its total liabilities. For example, if a company has assets of one million dollars and liabilities of four hundred thousand dollars, shareholders' equity equals six hundred thousand dollars. This figure represents the net value owned by shareholders after all debts are paid.

Shareholders' equity consists of contributed capital and retained earnings. Contributed capital is the total investment by shareholders, including common stock at face value and additional paid-in capital. Retained earnings represent accumulated profits the company has retained rather than distributed as dividends to shareholders.

A positive and growing shareholders' equity base indicates sound financial management and efficient capital use. It reflects the company's ability to reinvest in the business and absorb losses during economic downturns. High equity levels build investor confidence and demonstrate the business's financial strength and sustainability.

Lenders and potential investors assess equity levels to determine financial strength and risk. High shareholders' equity typically means lower risk, making it easier for companies to secure funding. Equity financing also helps businesses avoid excessive debt, reducing financial pressure and interest obligations while maintaining operations during revenue downturns.

Contributed capital is the total investment by shareholders in the company. It consists of common stock recorded at face value plus additional paid-in capital, which represents amounts paid above face value. For example, if a company issues forty thousand shares at ten dollars each, four hundred thousand dollars would be recorded as contributed capital.

Retained earnings represent accumulated profits the company has retained rather than distributed as dividends, while contributed capital is the initial shareholder investment. Retained earnings grow over time as the company reinvests profits into operations. Together, these two components form the total shareholders' equity presented on the balance sheet.

Shareholders' equity represents the owners' claim on company assets after all liabilities are paid, also known as net worth or owner's equity. This figure reflects the actual value of the business from the shareholders' perspective and demonstrates what shareholders would theoretically receive if all assets were liquidated and debts paid off.