FIFO: 선입선출법

FIFO (First-in, First-out) assumes that items purchased or produced first are sold first. For example, if a store buys 50 pounds of oranges at $1 per pound, then 70 pounds at $1.20 per pound, and sells 80 pounds, the cost of goods sold includes the first 50 pounds at $1 and 30 pounds at $1.20, totaling $86. This method ensures older inventory moves before newer stock.

FIFO minimizes waste and spoilage by ensuring older products are sold before expiration dates. Grocery stores and fruit retailers benefit because inventory does not become obsolete while in storage. This method also provides accurate profitability reflection, especially when prices rise, making it essential for managing perishable inventory effectively.

During inflation, FIFO results in lower cost of goods sold because older, cheaper inventory is sold first. This produces higher profit and more accurate current market value reflection for remaining inventory. However, higher taxable income may result in increased tax liabilities, which is a trade-off businesses must consider during inflationary periods.

FIFO assumes the oldest inventory sells first, contrasting with methods like LIFO (Last-in, First-out), which assumes newest inventory sells first. FIFO provides inventory values closer to current market prices and suits perishable goods, while LIFO may better match actual physical flow in non-perishable industries. Each method produces different cost of goods sold and tax implications.

During rising prices, FIFO can result in higher taxable income based on older, cheaper inventory costs, leading to increased tax liabilities. Additionally, FIFO may not match actual physical flow in some industries, making it less suitable for businesses dealing in non-perishable or high-value items where different valuation methods might be more appropriate.

FIFO is relatively straightforward to understand and apply compared to other inventory valuation methods. It requires tracking purchase order and sale sequence without complex calculations. This simplicity makes it popular for small to medium businesses that need an effective inventory management approach without requiring sophisticated accounting systems or extensive training.

FIFO ensures remaining inventory is valued closer to recent, higher prices since older and cheaper items are sold first. This provides a more accurate reflection of current market value, especially when prices rise. The method helps businesses understand true profitability and asset worth by keeping inventory values aligned with current economic conditions.