Name: blast practice for fossil dna clues
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:26:12.000Z
Duration: 1 min 2 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Biology

BIO.7

BIO.7.d

Evolutionary Relationships

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="0.0">BLAST를 사용하여 진화 가설 테스트
</a></li></ul>

<ul class="lab-items"><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="빈 클라도그램 이미지"><a target="_blank" href="/files/ftp_upload/10562/Blank_Cladogram.png">빈 클라도그램 이미지</a></div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="인터넷에 연결된 컴퓨터">인터넷에 연결된 컴퓨터</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="랩 크기에 따라 다름">랩 크기에 따라 다름</span>
								</div>
							</li></ul>

진화적 관계

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">BLAST를 사용하여 진화 가설 테스트
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">학생들이 사용할 각 컴퓨터에서 BLAST 웹사이트를 엽니다. <a target="__blank" href="https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi" style="display:block;">https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi</a>
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">제공된 링크로 이동하여 닭, 악어, 얼룩말 핀치 유전자 염기서열을 찾습니다. <a href="https://github.com/EvolutionGenes/Evolutionary-Relationships-Genes" target="__blank" style="display:block;">https://github.com/EvolutionGenes/Evolutionary-Relationships-Genes</a> 참고: 이 유전자 염기서열은 수수께끼의 화석에 대한 살아있는 친척 DNA 샘플로 사용될 것입니다.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">첫 번째 시퀀스를 클릭하여 익숙해지십시오. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "1-4"><div class = "lab-step"> 메인 페이지로 돌아가서 녹색 "복제 또는 다운로드"버튼을 클릭하십시오. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "1-5"><div class = "lab-step">그런 다음 'ZIP 다운로드'를 선택하십시오. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-6"><div class="lab-step">학생들이 쉽게 액세스할 수 있도록 컴퓨터 바탕 화면에 파일을 저장합니다. 각 컴퓨터에서 2-6단계를 반복합니다. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-7"><div class="lab-step">학생당 하나씩 있도록 충분한 수의 빈 cladograms를 인쇄하십시오.  참고: 여분의 클라도그램도 인쇄하는 것이 좋습니다.
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">시나포모피란 무엇입니까?</h4><p>Synapomorphies는 살아있는 유기체의 그룹을 구별하고 분할하는 데 사용할 수있는 측정 가능하거나 정량화 가능한 물리적 특징입니다.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">덴드로그램이란 무엇입니까?</h4><p>덴드로그램(dendrogram)은 유기체 그룹 간의 진화적 또는 집단적 관계를 나타내는 트리 다이어그램입니다.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">덴드로그램의 두 가지 주요 유형은 무엇이며 어떻게 다릅니까?</h4><p>쇄골 그램(Cladograms)과 계통 도(phylograms)는 덴드로그램의 두 가지 주요 유형입니다. cladogram에서 가지의 끝은 종을 나타내고 가지는 단순히 서로 어떻게 관련되어 있는지 보여줍니다. 노드는 마지막 공통 조상을 나타냅니다....

BLAST를 사용하여 진화 가설 테스트
확장학생들이 사용할 각 컴퓨터에서 BLAST 웹 사이트를 엽니다. ...

Education

교육

JoVE Lab Manual

생물학

Evolution

진화

Lab Manual Sub Articles

실험 매뉴얼 세부 항목

blast practice for fossil dna clues

<p class="jove_content">Students use BLAST to test evolutionary hypotheses by comparing DNA sequences. BLAST, or Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, helps match a gene sequence to similar sequences in a database. In this activity, the comparison is used to investigate a mystery fossil and its possible living relatives.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The setup begins with the BLAST website opened on each student computer. Students then use the provided link to find the chicken, alligator, and zebra finch gene sequences. These sequences serve as the living relative DNA samples for the mystery fossil.</p>

<p class="jove_content">To prepare the files, the first sequence is opened so students can become familiar with it. Then the main page is used to click the green “Clone or download” button and choose “Download ZIP.” The files are saved on the desktop so students can access them easily. The same steps are repeated on each computer.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Blank cladograms are also printed for the class. Each student should have one cladogram to complete, and extra copies are recommended. The activity gives students a way to compare DNA evidence and build a simple model of evolutionary relationships.</p>

BLAST Practice for Fossil DNA Clues

evolutionary relationships

Testing Fossil Placement with Cladograms

Cladograms and BLAST help students test where a fossil may fit on an evolutionary tree. A cladogram is a tree-shaped chart that shows hypothetical genealogical relationships between species. The tips, or leaves, show specific species, and the branch lengths show the degree of change between them. A node is the point where branches meet and marks the common ancestor of the species that split from that line. Species that share a node are called a sister group.<br /><br />To start, students examine a blank...

Students use BLAST to test evolutionary hypotheses by comparing DNA sequences. BLAST, or Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, helps match a gene sequence to similar sequences in a database. In this activity, the comparison is used to investigate a mystery fossil and its possible living relatives.<br /><br />The setup begins with the BLAST website opened on each student computer. Students then use the provided link to find the chicken, alligator, and zebra finch gene sequences. These sequences serve as the...

lab manual sub articles

Set up a BLAST-based class activity with chicken, alligator, and zebra finch DNA samples to compare a mystery fossil and its living relatives.

BLAST Practice for Fossil DNA Clues | JoVE K12

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-3

HS-LS4-1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.15

SC.912.L.15.4

SC.912.L.15.10

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-3.

Natural Selection and Evolution

HS-LS4-1.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

SB4.b

<p>인간은 수천 년 동안 생물학적 유기체를 분류하고 조직화했습니다. 원래는 주로 생존에 필요한 물체를 정렬합니다. 인류 역사가 진행됨에 따라 이러한 분류의 기술과 세부 사항도 발전했습니다. 기원전 4세기에 아리스토텔레스는 식물과 동물을 서로 다른 그룹으로 묘사한 다음 그들이 차지하는 서식지와 같은 신체적 특성과 특성에 따라 더 나누는 공식적인 분류를 개척했습니다. 그 후, 1700년대 중반에 린네는 아리스토텔레스의 체계를 기반으로 구축했습니다. 그는 자신의 최고 수준의 왕국 그룹화를 불렀고, 거기에서 가지를 나누는 물리적 특징을 정의하는 시나포모피를 사용하여 그룹을 나누었습니다. 예를 들어, 동물이 척추 또는 이와 유사한 구조를 가지고 있다면 척삭문에 배치해야 합니다. 그렇지 않다면, 척추가없는 동물은 곤충을 포함한 큰 그룹 인 절지 동물을 포함하여 나눌 수있는 다른 많은 phyla가 있습니다. Linneaus는 일반적으로 종이라는 최종 명칭에 도달할 때까지 클래스, 목, 가족 및 속을 통해 후속 수준에서 시나포모피에 따라 유기체 그룹을 계속 분할했습니다. 우리는 Linnaeus의 분류 유형을 cladistics라고 부르며, 이는 물리적 특성의 차이에 기초한 유기체의 분류입니다.</p>
<p>오늘날 과학자들은 일반적으로 이러한 분할과 그룹을 시각적으로 표현하기 위해 덴드로그램(dendrogram)이라고 하는 나무를 만듭니다. 이 특별한 형태의 덴드로그램(dendrogram)인 클라도그램(cladogram)은 종 간의 클래디스틱 관계를 시각화하여 나무의 끝이 종을 나타내고 가지가 서로 어떻게 관련되어 있는지 보여주도록 합니다. 예를 들어, 여기서 침팬지와 곰은 서로 더 밀접한 관련이 있으며 개복치보다 더 공통된 특성을 공유합니다. 가지가 만나는 곳을 노드라고 하며 다음 종의 공통 조상을 나타냅니다. 두 번째 주요 덴드로그램 유형은 계통 발생입니다. 이것들은 종 사이의 분기 길이가 다양하기 때문에 cladograms와 다르며 이는 종 간의 변화 정도를 나타냅니다. 따라서 가지가 길수록 종이 마지막 공통 조상에서 갈라진 지 더 많은 시간이 흘렀습니다.</p>
<p>덴드로그램은 단순히 유기체의 형태를 분석하여 구성되었습니다. 현대 기술의 출현으로 DNA를 비교하는 것도 나무를 만드는 일반적인 방법이 되었습니다. DNA는 4개의 서로 다른 염기 중 하나와 관련된 뉴클레오티드로 구성됩니다. 아데닌, 구아닌, 시토신 또는 티민. 이러한 염기의 순서는 DNA 코드입니다. 이 코드는 부모에서 자손으로 전달됩니다. 결과적으로, 인간과 같은 단일 종을 살펴보면, 우리의 유전자 코드에는 약 99.9%라는 매우 높은 수준의 유사성이 있습니다. 우리는 또한 침팬지나 생쥐와 같은 다른 종과 우리의 DNA 코드 중 일부를 공유하지만, 우리의 DNA와 그들의 DNA 사이의 전반적인 유사성의 정도는 크게 다릅니다. 이것은 우리가 나무를 만들 수 있다는 것을 의미하며, 나무는 유전 코드 간의 유사성 또는 차이점에 따라 종을 그룹화합니다. 통계학, 수학적 모델링 및 컴퓨터 과학을 결합한 이 분석 분야를 생물정보학이라고 합니다. DNA 염기서열을 비교하기 위해 연구자들은 종종 미국 국립생명공학정보센터(National Center for Biotechnology Information)에서 만들고 유지 관리하는 BLAST(Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)라고 하는 생물정보학 도구를 사용합니다.</p>
<p>이 실험실에서는 먼저 형태학적 정보를 사용하여 동물의 cladogram을 만든 다음 형태에 따라 이 cladogram에 화석 종을 배치합니다. 그런 다음 화석의 여러 현대 친척의 DNA 염기서열과 BLAST 데이터베이스를 사용하여 화석이 나무에 위치하는지 확인합니다.</p>

dna evidence in evolutionary trees

<p class="jove_content">DNA evidence helps scientists map evolutionary relationships between living things. Early classification began with Aristotle in the 4th century BC and was later improved during the Renaissance and by Carolus Linnaeus in the mid-1700s. These systems grouped species by physical similarity, such as the presence or absence of a backbone in vertebrates and invertebrates. Traits like a backbone are called synapomorphies, which are shared traits that likely came from a common ancestor.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Physical traits are still useful, but they also have limits. To show how species are related, scientists build dendrograms, or branching diagrams. A cladogram is one type of dendrogram. It shows hypothetical family-like relationships, with the tips representing species and the branches showing how they are connected.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A phylogram is a more detailed tree. Its branch lengths are not the same. The length of a branch shows the amount of change between species, so a longer branch means more time since two species diverged from a common ancestor. In both cladograms and phylograms, a node marks the point where branches meet. Species that share the most recent common ancestor are closest to that node and are called sister groups.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Scientists used to make cladograms by comparing morphology, or body structure. That method is still used, but it now includes DNA sequence comparison. DNA evidence can also help estimate how long ago species shared a common ancestor. This is especially useful for understanding evolutionary history, although it does not always work for extinct organisms because DNA is usually found in soft tissue, and soft tissue is rarely preserved in fossils.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Genes carry DNA from parents to offspring. The nucleotide sequence in genes uses the bases A, G, C, and T. These sequences are often similar in different species because of common ancestry. Researchers can align them to build trees. Species with more similar sequences are placed closer together, while species with less similarity are placed farther apart.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Bioinformatics tools help scientists work with large DNA datasets. These tools combine computer science, math, and statistics. One example is BLAST, or Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. BLAST searches the NCBI database, which brings together several databases of DNA sequence information. It compares a query sequence against sequences in the database and lists the closest matches first.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A BLAST result can suggest which species are closely related to the source of the query gene. However, this comparison may not always show the exact evolutionary relationship. Genes can evolve at different rates, and genomes can contain more than one similar sequence. Even so, DNA comparisons are valuable for more than tree building. Scientists often use genes first found in model organisms such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster or the mouse to study gene function in other species, including humans. Human genes can also be used to find homologs in model organisms. This approach is important in human disease research. For example, researchers can knock out a mouse version of a human gene to create disease models such as the Cftr knockout mouse for cystic fibrosis or the Apoe knockout mouse for atherosclerosis.</p>

DNA Evidence in Evolutionary Trees

인류는 기원전 4세기에 아리스토텔레스가 처음으로 시도한 이래로 생물을 적절하게 분류하려고 시도해 왔습니다. 아리스토텔레스의 체계는 ...

JoVE Lab Manual의 이 Biology 평가 퀴즈로 진화적 관계에 대한 이해를 테스트하세요. 학생 학습을 평가하도록 고안된 동영상 기반 질문을 통해 주요 개념을 다룹니다.

Biology의 진화적 관계 - 평가 퀴즈 | JoVE Lab Manual

8분 길이의 학생 프로토콜 영상을 통해 진화적 관계 절차를 단계별로 따라 해보세요. JoVE Lab Manual의 Biology 컬렉션의 일부입니다.

Biology의 진화적 관계 학생 프로토콜 - 5.4K+ 조회수 | JoVE Lab Manual

Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic trees come in many forms. It matters in which sequence the organisms are arranged from the bottom to the top of the tree, but the branches ...

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen ...

The Colonization of Land

Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they ...

What is Evolutionary History?

Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and ...

The Evidence for Evolution

Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of ...

The Fossil Record

The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms ...

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure ...

The student will investigate and understand that populations change through time. Key ideas include  evidence is found in fossil records and through DNA analysis;

BIO.7.a

What are Populations and Communities?

Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that inhabit a shared environment. Communities include multiple co-existing, interacting ...

Distribution and Dispersion

Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment and with one another. An important aspect of ecology is understanding where species ...

Life Histories

Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented ...

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with ...

Ecological Niches

All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors&#x2014;including food resources, climate, and ...

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species ...

Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ...

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those ...

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. ...

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

The student will investigate and understand that populations change through time. Key ideas include  genetic variation, reproductive strategies, and environmental pressures affect the survival of populations;

BIO.7.b

What is Natural Selection?

Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become ...

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural ...

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to ...

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly ...

Natural Selection

Fitness
Widespread variation of phenotypes in natural populations provides the raw material for evolution, which is the change in the inherited traits of ...

Simulating Natural Selection
ExpandTo prepare for the lab, set out workstations for each student pair containing 6 white, 6 black, and 13 gray 12 inch ...

Simulating Natural Selection
ExpandTo begin, cut the white, black, and gray pipe cleaners into quarters, which should produce a total of 100 pieces that ...

Artificial Selection

Natural Selection and Adaptive Evolution
In natural settings, adaptive evolution takes place by natural selection, a process in which differences in ...

Observing Artificial Selection in Plants
ExpandTwo weeks before beginning the pollination experiments, collect a sufficient amount of small pots with a ...

Observing Artificial Selection in Plants 
ExpandTo begin the experiment, collect five two-week old grown plants from the generation one population that ...

The student will investigate and understand that populations change through time. Key ideas include  natural selection is a mechanism that leads to adaptations and may lead to the emergence of new species; and

BIO.7.c

Humans have been attempting to properly classify living things since Aristotle made the first attempt during the 4th century BC. Aristotle&#8217;s system ...

Using BLAST to Test Evolutionary Hypotheses
ExpandOpen the BLAST website on each computer that the students will be using. ...

Forming an Evolutionary Hypothesis
ExpandNOTE: A cladogram is an important tool for forming an evolutionary hypothesis. A cladogram is a tree-shaped chart ...

The student will investigate and understand that populations change through time.Key ideas include  biological evolution has scientific evidence and explanations.

BLAST Practice for Fossil DNA Clues

Learning Objectives

시나포모피란 무엇입니까?

덴드로그램이란 무엇입니까?

Lab Prep

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