Name: leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:26:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.2

Photosynthesis

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="4">진공 상태의 식물 안료 크로마토그래피 및 부동 잎 디스크
</a></li></ul>

<ul class="lab-items"><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="크로마토그래피 스트립(18 X 3-4cm 스트립)">크로마토그래피 스트립(18 X 3-4cm 스트립)</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="크로마토그래피 용매(90% 석유 에테르 & 10% 아세톤, 10mL)">크로마토그래피 용매(90% 석유 에테르 & 10% 아세톤, 10mL)</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="50">50</span>
									<span class="단위" data-value="mL">mL</span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="파이프 클리너">파이프 클리너</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="플라스틱 일회용 주사기(20mL)">플라스틱 일회용 주사기(20mL)</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="종이 클립">종이 클립</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="페트리쉬 ">페트리쉬 </div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="플라스틱/유리 비커(400mL)">플라스틱/유리 비커(400mL)</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="15">15</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="구멍 펀치 ">구멍 펀치 </div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class = "ingredient"data-value = "통치자">통치자</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="영구 마커">영구 마커</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="연필">연필</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="Dawn 액체 주방 세제 (1병)">Dawn 액체 주방 세제 (1병)</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="1">1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="스테이션당">스테이션당</span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="시금치 잎 ">시금치 잎 </div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="랩 크기에 따라 다름 ">랩 크기에 따라 다름 </span>
								</div>
							</li><li 데이터 랩 항목 = "1">
								<div class="ingredient" data-value="중탄산나트륨/베이킹 소다">중탄산나트륨/베이킹 소다</div>
								<div class="성분 양">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="랩 크기에 따라 다름 ">랩 크기에 따라 다름 </span>
								</div>
							</li></ul>

광합성

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">진공 상태의 식물 색소 크로마토그래피 및 플로팅 리프 디스크
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">실험 전날에 용기에 물을 채웁니다.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "1-2"><div class = "lab-step"> 시금치 잎을 물에 넣고 물에 잠겼는지 확인하십시오.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "1-3"><div class = "lab-step">시금치 잎을 실온에서 밤새 담가둡니다.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "1-4"><div class = "lab-step">장갑을 착용하고 18cm x 304cm 크로마토 그래피 용지를 준비하고 측정합니다.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "1-5"><div class = "lab-step"> 0.25g NaHCO3와 300mL 물을 결합하여 두 번째 실험을위한 중탄산염 용액을 준비합니다. 용액에 주방 세제 한 방울을 넣고 부드럽게 섞습니다.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "1-6"><div class = "lab-step">용액이 여전히 거품이 나면 중탄산염을 더 추가하십시오.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "1-7"><div class = "lab-step">대조 용액의 경우 300mL의 물과 주방 세제 한 분출을 결합하십시오. 부드럽게 섞고 거품을 피하십시오.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "1-8"><div class = "lab-step">실험이 시작되기 직전에 너무 큰 정맥이 많지 않고 비슷한 부드러움과 두께의 시금치 잎 몇 개를 선택하십시오.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item = "1-9"><div class = "lab-step">구멍 펀치를 사용하여 각 학생 또는 그룹의 나뭇잎으로 20 개의 균일 한 디스크를 만듭니다.
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">광합성이란 무엇입니까?</h4><p>광합성은 햇빛을 사용 가능하고 저장 가능한 에너지로 변환하는 것입니다. 독립영양생물(예: 식물)은 이산화탄소, 물, 햇빛에서 얻은 에너지를 사용하여 광합성을 통해 포도당과 산소를 생성하므로 먹이 그물에 주요 에너지원을 제공합니다.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">식물은 어떻게 태양 에너지를 이용합니까?</h4><p>식물은 햇빛으로부터 에너지를 흡수할 수 있는 엽록소와 같은 색소를 생성합니다. 예를 들어, 빛 에너지는 색소 분자의 전자를 여기시킵니다. 이 에너지는 나중에 이용되어 단당의 화학 결합으로 변환됩니다.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">식물 세포의 어느 부분이 광합성을 담당합니까?</h4><p>틸라코이드로 알려진 가장 안쪽 막층에 색소를 함유하고 있는 엽록체는 ...

식물 안료 크로마토그래피(Plant Pigment Chromatography)와 진공 속의 부유 잎 디스크
확장실험 전날 용기에 물을 채웁니다.
시금치를 올려 ...

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JoVE Lab Manual

생물학

Cellular Processes

세포 과정

Lab Manual Sub Articles

실험 매뉴얼 하위 항목

leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs

<p class="jove_content">Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one squirt of dish soap and mix gently. If the solution stays sudsy, add more bicarbonate.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A control solution is prepared separately with 300 mL water and one squirt of dish soap. Mix this gently and avoid creating suds. Just before the lab begins, choose spinach leaves that are similar in smoothness and thickness and do not have too many large veins. Use a hole punch to make 20 uniform discs for each student or group.</p>

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

leaf-pigment-prep-for-chromatography-labs

photosynthesis

Spinach Pigments and Leaf Disc Photosynthesis

Spinach leaves contain pigments that can be separated by chromatography. In this lab, chromatography paper is used to move the pigments at different rates so their colors and positions can be compared. By measuring how far each pigment travels and calculating its retention factor, or Rf value, students can identify the pigments by matching them with literature values.<br /><br />The chromatography setup starts with a pencil line drawn 2 centimeters from one end of the paper. A spinach leaf is pressed...

Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.<br /><br />The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one...

lab manual sub articles

Prepare spinach leaves, chromatography paper, bicarbonate solution, and leaf discs for a high school photosynthesis lab on pigments and floating discs.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs | JoVE K12

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.E

3.1.9-12.J

3.1.9-12.K

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Environmental Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.e

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

3.2.1 9L.3.2.1.3

Next Generation Science Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-5.

나무<p>의 단풍이 녹색에서 노란색, 주황색, 빨간색의 음영으로 변하는 이유가 궁금해 한 적이 있습니까? 애초에 나뭇잎이 밝은 색을 띠는 이유는 무엇입니까? 그 답은 엽록체(chloroplast)라고 불리는 식물 소기관에 있는데, 엽록체는 햇빛의 특정 파장을 흡수하고 다른 파장을 반사하는 색소를 포함하고 있습니다. 특정 색소 중 하나인 엽록소는 여름에 가장 풍부합니다. 태양광으로부터 고에너지, 보라색, 파란색, 빨간색 파장을 흡수하고 녹색 파장을 반사하여 잎을 녹색으로 보이게 합니다. 잎에는 카로티노이드와 같은 다른 색소가 있는데, 이는 빨간색과 노란색 빛을 반사합니다. 가을이 되면 잎은 색소를 보충하지 않습니다. 엽록소는 다른 색소보다 더 빨리 분해되기 때문에 이러한 카로티노이드의 색은 가려지지 않습니다.</p><p>녹색 잎에 다양한 색소가 존재한다는 것은 특정 용매에 대한 용해도에 따라 분자를 분리하는 친수성 폴리머인 크로마토그래피 종이로 입증할 수 있습니다. 먼저 잎 추출물을 종이에 넣습니다. 종이를 유기 소수성 용매에 담그면 용매는 모세관 작용으로 인해 종이를 따라 이동하고 잎 추출물에서 다른 색소를 분리합니다. 가장 소수성인 안료는 종이 위로 더 멀리 운반됩니다. 친수성 색소는 셀룰로오스에 결합하여 움직임을 방해합니다. 모든 안료를 소수성에 따라 정렬한 후 유지 계수 또는 Rf 값을 계산할 수 있습니다. Rf 값은 용매가 이동한 거리에 대한 안료에 의해 이동한 거리의 비율입니다. 각 안료는 고유한 Rf 값을 가지며 계산된 값을 표준과 비교하여 안료를 쉽게 식별할 수 있습니다. 식물이 이산화탄소, 물, 빛 에너지를 화학 에너지와 산소로 전환하는 과정인 광합성은 주로 식물의 잎에서 수행되며 엽록소는 이 과정에서 중요한 역할을 합니다. 엽록체에는 수십 개의 엽록소 분자가 포함되어 있으며, 각 분자는 특정 작업을 수행하고 복잡한 방식으로 상호 작용합니다. 궁극적으로 빛 에너지는 엽록소 분자가 다른 대사 과정에 사용되는 전자를 포기하게 합니다. 따라서 엽록소는 잃어버린 전자를 대체하기 위해 전자의 지속적인 공급이 필요합니다. 이러한 대체 전자는 물 분자를 양성자, 전자 및 산소 분자로 분리하여 발생합니다. 광합성 속도가 빠르면 물이 더 빨리 분리되어 전자를 보충하고 산소가 빠르게 생성됩니다.</p><p>이 현상은 중탄산염이 풍부한 탄소 공급원 역할을 하는 중탄산염 용액에 잎 디스크를 매달아 실험실에서 광합성 속도를 평가하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 잎 디스크 실험이 시작될 때 주사기의 진공 상태에서 음압을 가하여 가스를 잎 디스크 밖으로 밀어냅니다. 가스가 배출된 잎 디스크는 더 무거워지고 비커로 옮겨질 때 중탄산염 용액의 바닥으로 가라앉습니다. 광합성이 일어나면 엽록소 전자를 보충하기 위해 환경의 물이 분리됩니다. 그 결과 산소가 생성되어 디스크가 더 가벼워져 시간이 지남에 따라 표면으로 떠오르게 됩니다. 더 높은 광합성 속도를 허용하는 환경에는 더 빨리 떠 있는 디스크가 있습니다.</p><p>이 실험실에서는 먼저 크로마토그래피 종이를 사용하여 시금치 잎의 색소를 분리하고 식별합니다. 그런 다음 잎 디스크 실험을 통해 물과 중탄산염 용액의 광합성 속도를 평가합니다.</p>

photosynthesis: light, sugars, and carbon

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis turns sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process powers most life on Earth by helping autotrophs, or primary producers, make food. The glucose they make can provide quick energy or be stored as starch for later use. Consumers depend on these producers for energy.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis happens in many kinds of organisms. Cyanobacteria, some protists such as algae, and plants can all carry out this process. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the chloroplast. Chloroplasts look green because they contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light at specific wavelengths.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Plants use several pigments to capture light. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light. Other pigments, including carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains, absorb or reflect different wavelengths and often appear yellow to red. In autumn, when chlorophyll levels drop in temperate regions, these pigments become visible and leaves change color.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis has two main stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. These stages happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and an inner thylakoid membrane that forms disc-like folds. The space between the inner membrane and thylakoids is the stroma.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-dependent reactions begin in the thylakoid membrane when sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll. Those electrons move through an electron transport chain, dropping to lower energy levels and releasing energy. The cell uses that energy to make ATP and NADPH. Water splitting, also called hydrolysis, replaces the lost electrons in chlorophyll. This process releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps keep the flow of electrons going.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. They use ATP and NADPH from the first stage to build a three-carbon sugar from carbon dioxide. That sugar can then be turned into glucose or other biomolecules. This is also called carbon fixation or carbon sequestration because carbon is pulled from the atmosphere and stored in living molecules.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis plays a major role in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide moves between reservoirs at a steady pace, but changes in that flow can upset the balance. Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, more of it in the atmosphere can raise temperatures. Much of the extra carbon dioxide comes from burning fossil fuels, which returns ancient carbon to the air very quickly.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Forests and ocean algae help lower carbon dioxide levels, so deforestation is a serious concern in a changing climate. Scientists are also studying artificial photosynthesis as a way to make carbon-neutral biofuels. Like solar panels, these methods take energy from the sun and store it as chemical energy instead of electricity. Researchers have also used photosynthetic bacteria to make simple sugars, lactic acid, biodegradable plastics, and even medically useful compounds, including substances studied for cancer diagnosis and treatment.</p>

Photosynthesis: Light, Sugars, and Carbon

독립영양생물

지구상의 거의 모든 살아있는 유기체는 광합성에 의존하는데, 이는 햇빛 에너지를 단순한 설탕으로 변환하는 과정입니다.

JoVE Lab Manual의 이 Biology 평가 퀴즈로 광합성에 대한 이해를 테스트하세요. 학생 학습을 평가하도록 고안된 동영상 기반 질문을 통해 주요 개념을 다룹니다.

Biology의 광합성 - 평가 퀴즈 | JoVE Lab Manual

8분 길이의 학생 프로토콜 영상을 통해 광합성 절차를 단계별로 따라 해보세요. JoVE Lab Manual의 Biology 컬렉션의 일부입니다.

Biology의 광합성 학생 프로토콜 - 32K+ 조회수 | JoVE Lab Manual

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
Organisms contain a wide variety of organic molecules with numerous functions which depend on the chemical structures and properties of these ...

Solution Preparation
ExpandCAUTION: It is important to always use care when handling reagents. For example, iodine will stain clothes and skin so wear ...

Identifying Macromolecules with Indicator Solutions
ExpandHYPOTHESES: In this activity, the experimental hypothesis might be that the addition of an ...

pH Regulation in Cells

pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge ...

Chemistry of the Cell

Overview of Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of ...

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the ...

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Lipids?

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins ...

Fibrous Proteins

Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of ...

Protein Denaturation

The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...

Role of Proteins in the Human Body

Proteins are the building block of life. They are also&#160; the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of ...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group ...

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, ...

Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

LS.Bio.1.1

Introduction to Enzymes

The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an ...

Enzymes and Activation Energy

The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to ...

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate ...

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from ...

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at ...

introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple &#34;lock-and-key&#34; fashion. This model stated that the enzyme ...

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Ribozymes

Carry out investigations to illustrate how enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions and how environmental factors affect enzyme activity.

LS.Bio.1.2

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments present within the cell, having three distinct filaments ...

Introduction to Actin

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle ...

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Myosins are a family of molecular motor proteins, first identified in the skeletal muscles, where they are responsible for muscle contraction. Along with ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Microtubules

Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory ...

The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of ...

Types of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and ...

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between ...

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For ...

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism&#x2019;s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way ...

Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains &#8212; Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common microorganisms, such as ...

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells represent two fundamental types of cellular organization, differing significantly in structure, complexity, and function. ...

Construct explanations to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of structures and degree of complexity.

LS.Bio.1.4

The DNA Helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA ...

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Construct an explanation to summarize how DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of proteins.

LS.Bio.1.5

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

Learning Objectives

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Lab Prep

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