Name: nuclear dna and cell control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:03.000Z
Duration: 1 min 32 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.3

The Nucleus

- [강사] 세포핵은진핵 세포의 두드러진 특징으로서막에 결합된 세포 기관이며유전 정보인 DNA를 저장하는데차별적으로 조직화되며세포의 주기에 따라 달라집니다예를 들어, 염색질로 알려진 DNA 단백질 복합체는젤 같은 물질인 핵원형질에서 현탁됩니다이들이 집중적으로 포진하고 있는 영역은핵소체입니다세포가 분열하지 않을 때, 염색질 섬유는느슨하게 배열되어 꼬인 끈의 형태가 되며전사 과정 중에도 DNA에 쉽게 접근하게 됩니다대조적으로, 세포 분열이 임박했을 때는염색질 섬유는 염색체로 압축됩니다핵소체에는 리보솜의 하위유닛이 만들어지는 곳으로번역에 필요한 구조체가 해당됩니다핵소체는 세포막 핵 외피가 감싸며단백질로 줄지어진 기공이 포함되어이온, 분자, 리보솜 부분의 흐름과메신저 RNA를 조정하는데, 내핵 세포질과세포질 사이에 있습니다신체의 대부분의 세포가 하나의 핵을 가지고 있는 반면적혈구와 같은 일부 세포는무핵으로서세포핵이 없습니다반면, 골격근 세포와 같은 경우는하나 이상의 핵으로 다핵화되어 있으며이는 구조적 및 기능적 요구에 기인합니다

Pederson, Thoru. "도입된 핵." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 3, no. 5 (2011년 5월). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a000521" target="__blank">소스</a>]
Guo, Tongtong 및 Yuda Fang. "세포핵의 기능적 조직 및 역학." Frontiers in Plant Science 5 (2014년 8월 12일). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00378" target="__blank">출처</a>]

세포핵

세포핵(nucleus)은 진핵생물(eukaryote)의 유전 정보를 포함하는 염색체 DNA를 담고 막으로 둘러싸여있는 세포기관입니다. 세포핵이 담고 있는 염색체 DNA는 특정한 기능을 수행하는 미토콘드리아나 엽록체가 담고 있는 DNA와 구별됩니다. 적혈구와 같은 일부 세포에는 핵이 없으며 골격 근육 세포와 같은 세포는 다수의 핵을 가지고 있지만, 대부분의 진핵세포(eukaryotic cell)에는 단일 핵이 있습니다.
 
 핵에 있는 DNA는 염색질(chromatin)이라 불리는 히스톤(histone)과 같은 단백질에 감긴 DNA-단백질 복합체를 만듭니다. 세포가 분열하지 않을 때, 즉 세포주기 중 간기(interphase)에 있을 때, 염색질은 확산적으로 조직됩니다. 이는 DNA 코드를 기반으로 전령RNA(messenger RNA, 줄여서 mRNA)가 합성될 때 전사(transcription) 과정 동안 DNA에 쉽게 접근할 수 있게 만듭니다. 진핵세포가 분열하려고 할 때 염색질은 선형의 염색체(chromosome)로 단단히 응축됩니다. 인간은 총 46개의 염색체가 있습니다.
 
 염색질은 특히 인(nucleolus)이라고 불리는 핵 내부 영역에 집중되어 있습니다. 인은 mRNA를 단백질로 번역하는 리보솜(ribosome)의 생산에 중요합니다. 인에서 리보솜 RNA가 합성되고 단백질과 결합하여 리보솜 단위물(ribosomal subunit)을 생성하는데, 리보솜 단위물은 나중에 세포질(cytoplasm)에서 리보솜을 형성합니다.
 
 핵의 내부는 핵질(nucleoplasm)이라 불리는 젤 같은 물질로 채워져 있습니다. 핵막(nuclear envelope)이라 불리는 두 개의 지질 이중막(lipid bilayer)으로 구성된 두 개의 막이 핵을 둘러싸고 있습니다. 핵막에는 단백질이 안쪽에 깔린 핵공이라 불리는 구멍이 있고 이 구멍은 핵을 드나들 수 있는 물질을 조절합니다. 예를 들어 핵공은 mRNA가 핵을 나갈 수 있도록 해 mRNA가 리보솜으로 이동하여 단백질로 번역되게 합니다.

핵(nucleus)은 진핵 세포(eukaryotic cell)에서 제어 센터 역할을 하는 막으로 묶인 세포 기관입니다. 그것은 유전자 발현을 조절하는 염색체 DNA를 포함하고 있습니다 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

생물학

Cellular Processes

세포 과정

Cell Structure and Function

세포의 구조와 기능

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

nuclear dna and cell control

The nucleus is the control center of a eukaryotic cell. It is a membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomal DNA. That DNA helps control gene expression and regulate protein production in the cell.

Not all cellular DNA has the same role. The DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts supports functions that are specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA structure also affects how genes are regulated.

Nuclear DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This forms chromatin, a DNA-protein complex. During interphase, when the cell is not dividing, chromatin stays loosely arranged. This open form makes the DNA easier to access during transcription.

When a eukaryotic cell prepares to divide, chromatin changes shape. It condenses into distinct, linear chromosomes. These chromosomes can then be separated into daughter cells.

The nucleus also contains the nucleolus. This is a membrane-less organelle that forms around the chromosomal loci for ribosomal RNA, or rRNA. The nucleolus is the site where rRNA is made and ribosomal subunits are assembled. These subunits leave the nucleus and later combine to form functional ribosomes.

Other nuclear bodies are found in the nucleus as well. These include Cajal bodies, speckles, and paraspeckles. They help organize the nuclear space and create separate sites for specific biological reactions. Their membrane-less structure also allows contents to move more easily with the nucleoplasm.

Nuclear DNA and Cell Control

what are cells?

Cell Membrane, DNA, and Organelles

Cells are the basic units of life, from a bacterium made of one cell to a human made of trillions. Even though organisms can differ greatly, their cells share key features that support life. A cell has a plasma membrane, which is a lipid bilayer that separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment. It also contains DNA, the genetic material that carries instructions for the cell. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed...

cell size

Why Cell Size Is Limited

Cell size is limited by surface area and diffusion. Cells vary widely in size, both between organisms and within the same organism. Bacterial cells are usually 1 to 10 micrometers wide, and the smallest bacteria can be 0.1 micrometers in diameter. That is about a thousand times smaller than most eukaryotic cells, which are typically 10 to 100 micrometers across. A cell takes in nutrients and water through diffusion across the plasma membrane or through channels in the membrane. The membrane...

eukaryotic compartmentalization

Cell Organelles and Microenvironments

Eukaryotic cells use membrane-bound organelles to keep cell processes organized. The nucleus and mitochondria are two key examples. Because biological membranes are selectively permeable, they create controlled spaces inside each organelle. These small microenvironments support specialized jobs and separate them from the surrounding cytosol. Different organelles maintain different internal conditions. In animal cells, lysosomes keep an acidic environment that helps their enzymes digest...

prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cell Structures

Prokaryotic cells are small, single-celled organisms found in the domains Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include familiar species such as Salmonella and E. coli. Archaea include extremophiles, which are organisms that live in harsh environments like volcanic springs. Prokaryotic cells share several basic features with eukaryotic cells. They are surrounded by a plasma membrane, contain cytoplasm, and have ribosomes that make proteins. Their genetic material is a single, circular DNA molecule.

cytoplasm

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Framework

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. Together, these parts create the environment where key cell activities happen. The cytoplasm is also a major site for protein synthesis and folding. The water-based cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. Hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to hide in the protein core, while hydrophilic amino acids...

endoplasmic reticulum

ER in Protein and Lipid Transport

The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane network in eukaryotic cells. It is continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus. This connection helps link nuclear and cytoplasmic processes and supports efficient movement inside the cell. mRNA can move from the nucleus to ribosomes, which helps protein synthesis happen efficiently. The ER is a major site for making, processing, and distributing biomolecules. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to its surface. These ribosomes...

ribosomes

How Ribosomes Build Proteins

Ribosomes build proteins by reading messenger RNA, or mRNA, and linking amino acids in the right order. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes. Cells that make large amounts of protein, such as secretory cells in the human pancreas, can have millions of them. Ribosomes are made of ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus, a part of the nucleus that specializes in making ribosomes. There, rRNA combines with...

golgi apparatus

Protein Sorting in the Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus sorts and modifies proteins after they leave the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Properly folded and assembled proteins are packaged into vesicles, or small membrane sacs, and moved by microtubule-based motor proteins. These vesicles can fuse into vesicular tubular clusters before reaching the Golgi, which often looks like a ribbon-shaped organelle in eukaryotic cells. Vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, the side facing the ER. They pass through a set of pancake-shaped...

peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and Cellular Detoxification

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microtubules

Microtubules in Cells and Cell Movement

Microtubules are cytoskeletal fibers that help cells keep their shape, move materials, and divide. They are the thickest of the three main cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells, with a diameter of about 25 nm. Along with microfilaments and intermediate filaments, they form the internal support network of the cell. Microtubules are hollow tubes built from tubulin proteins. Each tubulin molecule is a heterodimer, which means it has two different parts: α-tubulin and β-tubulin. These dimers...

plant cell wall

Plant Cell Walls in Growth and Support

Plant cell walls help plant cells keep their shape, stay protected, and remain supported. As a cell matures, its wall can change based on the cell type. Parenchyma cells in leaves usually have only a thin primary cell wall. These walls are part of how different plant cells take on different jobs. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells are found mostly in the outer layers of stems and leaves. Collenchyma cells add strength by partially thickening the primary cell wall. Sclerenchyma cells provide...

plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata and Plant Cell Communication

Plasmodesmata are the connections that let plant cells communicate directly. These tiny passageways link neighboring cells through the cell wall and help tissues work together in a multicellular plant. Cells in multicellular organisms must communicate to function as a unit. One way they do this is through intercellular junctions, which are contact points between adjacent cells. Fungal, plant, and animal cells all have intercellular junctions, but the types differ. In animal cells, the main...

the nucleus

The nucleus is the control center of a eukaryotic cell. It is a membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomal DNA. That DNA helps control gene expression and regulate protein production in the cell. Not all cellular DNA has the same role. The DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts supports functions that are specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA structure also affects how genes are regulated. Nuclear DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This forms chromatin, a...

the extracellular matrix

How ECM Supports Animal Tissues

The extracellular matrix (ECM) supports animal tissues by surrounding cells with structural molecules. It helps maintain tissue organization and gives tissues their specific physical properties. The ECM includes a gel-like ground substance, fibrous components, and many molecules with different jobs. A major part of the ECM is made of glycosaminoglycans, or GAGs. These polysaccharides fill much of the extracellular space and can take up a large volume for their mass. That makes the matrix...

gap junctions

Connexins and Cell-to-Cell Signaling

Gap junctions help animal cells send signals and share small materials with nearby cells. They are made of special proteins that form pores between neighboring cells and connect their cytoplasm. Through these channels, cells can exchange ions and other small molecules. These communication channels are found in many invertebrate and vertebrate species. They support important processes such as cell differentiation and development. They are also linked to human diseases, including disorders of...

tissues

Body Tissues and Their Jobs

Body tissues are groups of cells with similar structure and function. When different tissues work together, they form an organ with a specialized job. Vertebrates have four main tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue is made of thin sheets of cells. It covers the skin and lines internal organs and body cavities. These cells are tightly packed, so they help protect against injury, infection, and water loss. Epithelial tissue may be simple, with one...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the nucleus stores DNA, controls gene expression, packages chromatin, forms chromosomes, and builds ribosomal subunits in high school cells.

Nuclear DNA and Cell Control | JoVE K12

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

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Cell structure and function

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

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Nuclear DNA and Cell Control

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