Name: motion as a source of energy
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:09.000Z
Duration: 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Physical Science

Energy

9-12.PS.1.1

Kinetic Energy

운동 에너지는 움직이는 물체가일을 하거나 변화를 만드는 그런 힘입니다생물학적 시스템에서물체는 서로 다른 방식으로 움직입니다작은 빛 입자가 음식을 만들기도 하고동물은 먹이를 찾아 달려가며떠다니는 분자가 근처 포식자를 끌어들이기도 합니다

Kohn, Kathryn P., Sonia M. Underwood 및 Melanie M. Cooper. "화학 및 생물학 전반의 에너지 연결 및 불일치." CBE 생명 과학 교육 17, no. 1 (2018). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.17-08-0169" target="__blank">소스</a>]

운동 에너지

운동 에너지(kinetic energy)는 움직이는 물체가 일하거나 변화를 일으키는 능력입니다. 운동 에너지는 여러 가지 형태를 취할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어 폭포 아래로 흐르는 물은 운동 에너지를 가지고 있습니다. 생물학적 시스템에서 이동하는 빛의 입자는 식물에 흡수되어 화학 에너지를 만드는 데 사용됩니다. 동물은 화학 에너지를 소비하고 공기를 통해 냄새를 전달하는 분자를 발산합니다. 동물은 또한 포식자로부터 도망칠 때 운동에너지를 발생시킵니다. 만물은 행성과 별의 움직임이 일어나는 태양계처럼 운동 에너지를 가지고 있습니다.
 
 <h4>운동 에너지</h4>
 
 운동 에너지는 움직이는 물체의 에너지입니다. 예를 들어, 댐 뒤의 물은 위치 에너지를 가지고 있지만, 폭포 아래로 빠르게 흐르는 물은 운동 에너지를 가지고 있습니다. 폭포의 바닥 물이 멈추고 쌓이면 그 에너지는 다시 위치 에너지로 변환됩니다.
 
 생물학적 시스템에서 운동 에너지는 물체가 다양한 방법으로 이동함에 따라 다양한 형태의 운동 에너지를 취합니다. 예를 들어 식물이 음식을 만들고 성장하기 위해 흡수하는 빛 입자(즉 광자)는 매우 빠르게 움직이고 형태를 바꾸며 탄수화물의 형태로 화학 에너지를 만드는 데 사용됩니다.
 
 운동 에너지는 동물의 냄새를 운반하는 분자가 확산하여 근처의 포식자를 끌게 해줍니다. 식물에서 나오는 화학 에너지는 동물에 의해 소비되면 동물이 포식자로부터 도망치게 합니다. 이것도 운동 에너지의 한 형태입니다.
 
 운동 에너지는 또한 한 물체에서 다른 물체로 전달될 수 있습니다. 예를 들어 당구를 치는 사람이 큐볼을 치면 큐볼의 운동 에너지는 다른 공을 쳐서 그 공을 움직일 수 있습니다. 거대 시스템 또한 운동 에너지를 가질 수 있습니다. 우리 태양계의 모든 행성과 별들의 움직임도 운동 에너지입니다.

운동 에너지는 움직이는 물체가 일을 하거나 변화를 일으킬 수 있는 능력입니다. 그것은 다양한 형태를 취할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 폭포를 따라 흐르는 물 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Biology

생물학

Cellular Processes

세포 과정

Metabolism

신진대사

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

motion as a source of energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It appears when an object is moving and can do work or cause change. A waterfall is one clear example. Water behind a dam has potential energy, but when it rushes downward, that moving water has kinetic energy.

When the water reaches the bottom and stops moving, its energy can become potential energy again. Kinetic energy also shows up in living systems. Plants absorb light particles, called photons, which move very fast and help create chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. In this way, motion can be converted into another useful energy form.

Animals also depend on kinetic energy in different ways. Molecules that carry scent move through the air and can attract a nearby predator. Animals then use the chemical energy they get from plants to run away, which is another example of motion-based energy. Kinetic energy can also move from one object to another, such as when a cue ball hits another ball in pool and sets it in motion.

Even large systems can have kinetic energy. The movement of planets and stars in the solar system is one example. This makes kinetic energy important in nature, in biology, and in every kind of moving system.

Motion as a Source of Energy

what is metabolism?

Metabolism, Energy, and Cell Reactions

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in a cell. It includes anabolism, which builds molecules, and catabolism, which breaks them down. These reactions help cells manage energy and keep life processes running. Cells use metabolism to turn food into energy, make cell parts, and remove waste products. Food stores potential energy in the bonds between atoms. Catabolic pathways break large food molecules into smaller ones and release that energy. Anabolic pathways use that energy...

first law of thermodynamics

Energy Flow in a Food Web

Energy flow in a food web shows the First Law of Thermodynamics in action. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form as it moves through living things and the environment. Sunlight is the starting point. Plants capture radiant energy from the sun during photosynthesis and turn it into chemical energy stored in complex carbohydrates. At the same time, oxygen is released into the atmosphere. Herbivores eat the plants and use those sugars during digestion. The energy is...

second law of thermodynamics

Entropy in Food Web Energy Flow

The Second Law of Thermodynamics explains why entropy increases as energy moves through a system. Entropy means the amount of disorder in a system. Each time energy is transferred or transformed, some energy is lost as unusable heat. That heat can raise the motion of nearby molecules for a short time and make the surroundings less ordered and more random. This idea also appears in a food web. Primary producers, such as plants, take in energy from the sun and make food. During this process,...

kinetic energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It appears when an object is moving and can do work or cause change. A waterfall is one clear example. Water behind a dam has potential energy, but when it rushes downward, that moving water has kinetic energy. When the water reaches the bottom and stops moving, its energy can become potential energy again. Kinetic energy also shows up in living systems. Plants absorb light particles, called photons, which move very fast and help create chemical energy...

potential energy

Stored Energy in Motion and Bonds

Stored energy in motion and bonds is called potential energy. It depends on the structure of an object or the position of matter in space. Raising a kettlebell changes its location and increases its potential energy. A stretched rubber band also stores potential energy, which can later change into kinetic energy. Chemical bonds between atoms hold another form of stored energy called chemical energy. These bonds involve attractive forces, and that energy can change into other forms during a...

free energy

Gibbs Free Energy in Chemical Reactions

Gibbs free energy is a measure of useful energy that can be taken from a chemical reaction to do work. It is written as G and named for scientist Gibbs, who discovered it. This energy is what remains after entropy is considered. A reaction can either take in energy or release it. Reactions that absorb energy are called endergonic reactions. Reactions that release energy are called exergonic reactions. The direction of energy flow helps show which type of reaction is happening. Plants carry...

activation energy

How Catalysts Lower Reaction Barriers

Activation energy is the minimum energy a chemical reaction needs to keep going. When the activation energy is higher, the reaction usually happens more slowly. Adding heat can speed the reaction because molecules move faster and collide more often. As reactants collide, bonds break and the reaction moves through an uphill phase. That step creates the transition state, which is an unstable, high-energy state of the reactants. After that, new bonds form, products appear, and free energy is...

hydrolysis of atp

ATP Breakdown and Energy Release

ATP breakdown releases energy for cell work. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, can lose one or two phosphate groups when water is added. This hydrolysis reaction is exergonic, which means it releases energy that the cell can use. When one phosphate group is removed, ATP becomes ADP, or adenosine diphosphate. Inorganic phosphate is also released. ADP can then be hydrolyzed again to form AMP, or adenosine monophosphate, after a second phosphate group is removed. ATP has a clear structure. It is...

phosphorylation

Phosphorylation and Protein Control

Phosphorylation helps control how proteins work in cells. It is the addition or removal of phosphate groups, and it is the most common chemical change that regulates cellular processes. These changes can alter a protein’s structure, activity, stability, location inside the cell, and interactions with other proteins. During phosphorylation, protein kinases move the terminal phosphate group from ATP to a specific amino acid side chain on a target protein. The amino acids most often...

induced-fit model

How Enzymes Adjust to Their Substrates

Enzymes speed up many chemical reactions in cells. They are biological catalysts, so they increase reaction speed without being consumed or permanently changed. They do this by lowering the activation energy needed to turn reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins that usually work by binding to a substrate, which is the reactant molecule they act on. They show substrate specificity, meaning they bind only certain substrates. This specificity depends mainly on the shape and chemical...

enzyme kinetics

Substrate Effects on Enzyme Rates

Enzyme kinetics examines how enzymes change the rate of a reaction. Enzymes speed reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The reaction rate is the speed at which an enzyme turns reactants into products, and it can be affected by several factors, including the number of available reactants. Scientists often study enzyme kinetics in a test tube with a fixed amount of enzyme. When more substrate, or reactant, is added, the reaction rate increases because the enzyme can make...

enzyme inhibition

Competitive vs Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to enzymes. Cells use these inhibitors to help regulate normal enzyme function. Drugs and toxins can also block enzymes and change how they work. Some inhibitors bind at the active site, which is the part of the enzyme where the substrate normally fits. Competitive inhibitors do this by occupying the active site and preventing the substrate from binding. If the substrate concentration becomes high enough, it can outcompete...

feedback inhibition

How Cells Control Product Buildup

Cells use enzymes to run biochemical reactions and make the products they need. These reactions are happening constantly, and enzymes speed them up so they happen fast enough to matter. Enzyme activity also has to be regulated. Cells need the right amounts of starting materials, intermediate metabolites, and final products. If these substances build up too much or drop too low, the cell can be harmed. That is why cells use control systems to keep metabolic levels balanced. One important...

allosteric regulation

Allosteric Control of Enzyme Speed

Allosteric control changes enzyme speed when a molecule binds to a site other than the active site. That alternate binding spot is called an allosteric site. An enzyme can have more than one allosteric site. This type of control can raise or lower enzyme activity. Many enzymes with allosteric control are metabolic enzymes. They help with the breakdown or the building of specific molecules in cells. In allosteric inhibition, the effector molecule causes a shape change that lowers the enzyme's...

cofactors and coenzymes

Enzyme Helpers: Metals, Vitamins, and More

Enzyme helpers are needed for many enzymes to work properly. These helpers fall into two groups: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions, while coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both can be tightly bound to an enzyme or attach only when the substrate binds. Cofactors are common in mature proteins, appearing in about 30% of them. They are often added as the enzyme folds and help with catalytic activity. Magnesium is one important cofactor, and it is needed by more than...

key terms and concepts

Explore kinetic energy as motion in waterfalls, light, animal movement, pool collisions, and even the solar system in a clear high school science lesson.

Motion as a Source of Energy | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

myJoVE Corporation

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9-12.PS.1.1.d

Motion as a Source of Energy

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