Name: ecosystem zones and climate
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:39.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.4.1

What is an Ecosystem?

생태계는생물의, 살아있는, 생물이 아닌, 살아있지 않은환경 요소의 모든 상호 작용의 합이다이들은 두 개의 일반적인 범주, 육지 및수생 중 하나에 속한다생태계의 주요한 유형은 생물군계로 알려져 있다사막, 열대 우림, 툰드라 같은육지 생물군계는 두 개의 주요한 변수연 강수량과 온도에 의하여 구분된다수생 생물군계 중에서 민물은 가장 드믄데호수, 강, 시내, 온천 등이지구 표면의 2%밖에 안되기 때문이다그렇다 해도, 이 생태계들은아주 다양한 동식물로 구성되어 있다대양 생물군계는 지구 표면의 75%를 차지하는데얕은 곳, 공해 표면 및 심해를 포함한다얕은 곳은 산호초 생태계에서대양 다양성의 가장 큰 부분을 지원한다공해 표면은 지구의많은 광합성 유기체를 지원하고심해도 빛이 들어갈 수 없지만많은 유기체를 포함한다

Murphy, Brett P., Alan N. Andersen 및 Catherine L. Parr. "열대 잔디 생물 군계의 과소 평가 된 생물 다양성." 왕립 학회의 철학적 거래 B : Biological Sciences 371, no. 1703 (2016 년 9 월 19 일). [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4978875/" target="__blank">출처</a>]

Haddad, Nick M., Lars A. Brudvig, Jean Clobert, Kendi F. Davies, Andrew Gonzalez, Robert D. Holt, Thomas E. Lovejoy, et al. "서식지 파편화와 지구 생태계에 대한 지속적인 영향." Science Advances 1, no. 2 (2015년 3월 1일): e1500052. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500052" target="__blank">소스</a>]

생태계란 무엇인가?

<h4>개요</h4>
 
 생태계(ecosystem)는 환경의 모든 비생물적 요인과 생물학적 요인 사이의 상호 작용이며, 육지(terrestrial) 또는 수생(aquatic)으로 분류될 수 있습니다. 육지 생태계는 연간 온도, 강우량, 계절성을 포함한 기후(climate)에 따라 분류됩니다. 수생 생태계는 담수(freshwater)와 해양(marine)으로 더 분류되고, 또 수온과 물을 투과하는 일조량에 영향을 미치는 수심별로 분류됩니다.
 
 <h4>육지 생태계</h4>
 
 육지 생태계는 생물군계(biome; 바이옴)로 분류되는데, 이는 환경의 기후와 그곳에 사는 유기체의 종류 모두에 의해 특징지어집니다. 지구의 적도 부근 높은 비계절성(aseasonal) 온도와 높은 연간 강우량을 보이는 지역은 우림(rainforest)이며 세계에서 가장 다양한 서식지(habitat)를 보유하고 있습니다. 기온이 높지만 연간 강우량이 부족한 생태계는 사막(desert)입니다. 사막 생태계는 이러한 기후적 특성을 공유하지만, 생물 다양성은 매우 다를 수 있습니다.
 
 스펙트럼의 다른 쪽엔 매우 낮은 연간 온도와 낮은 연간 강우량을 가진 북극 생물군계입니다. 이 생태계는 생물 다양성이 가장 낮습니다. 이 세 개의 주요 생물 서식지 사이에는 계절성 툰드라(seasonal tundra), 온대 초원(temperate grassland), 사바나(savanna) 생태계가 있습니다. 이러한 생태계는 온도와 강우 모두에서 매년 변동하는 연간 변화를 나타내며, 계절 변화에 특별히 적응한 동식물을 품고 있습니다.
 
 <h4>담수 생태계</h4>
 
 수생 생태계는 담수와 해양 환경 두 가지로 더 나뉩니다. 지구 표면의 약 2%를 구성하는 가장 희귀한 생태계인 담수 생태계에는 호수, 강, 하천, 습지 등이 있습니다. 이러한 생태계 내에서 생물 다양성에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인은 물의 흐름, 온도, 깊이입니다.
 
 연못과 호수의 가장자리에 가까운 얕은 지역은 연안대(littoral zone)라고 합니다. 연안대는 수역에서 가장 따뜻한 지역이며 많은 수생 생산자, 소비자, 그리고 육지 생활양식과 수생 생활양식을 모두 가진 동물들을 포함합니다. 원수대(limnetic zone) 깊은 물의 표면은 빛이 잘 들고 플랑크톤에 의해 지배됩니다. 심저대(profundal zone) 즉 깊은 물은 빛이 그 깊이를 거의 통과하지 않기 때문에 대부분 죽은 유기체를 먹고 광합성을 하지 않는 유기체로 구성되어 있습니다.
 
 하천과 강에서는 물이 빠르게 흐르며 산소를 재활용하고 물을 비교적 시원하게 유지합니다. 종의 다양성은 강의 폭과 깊이와 관련이 있으며, 강의 넓은 구간은 좁은 구간보다 더 다양합니다. 마지막으로, 습지(wetland)는 습지(marsh), 늪(swamp), 그리고 수렁(bog)과 같은 얕은 정수 지역이고 대개 덥고 습한 환경으로 특징지어집니다. 이 생태계는 다양한 식물, 동물, 곰팡이, 박테리아 생물을 포함, 모든 담수 생태계 중에서 가장 높은 생물 다양성을 가지고 있습니다.
 
 <h4>해양 생태계</h4>
 
 지구 표면의 거의 75%를 구성하는 가장 일반적인 해양 생태계는 높은 염도 때문에 담수 생태계와 차이가 납니다. 해양 생태계 또한 얕은 바다, 깊은 바다, 깊은 바다 표면 등 수심을 기반으로 분리되어 있습니다. 이중 가장 다양한 생태계는 얕은 물로, 세계의 산호초와 해양 생물 대부분을 수용합니다. 심해 표면도 플랑크톤을 포함한 다양한 해양 생물들을 보유하고 있습니다. 플랑크톤은 지구상의 모든 광합성의 약 40%를 수행합니다.
 
 수심을 관통하는 빛이 적어서, 심해 생태계는 어둠과 높은 압력에 적응하는 덜 다양하지만 희귀한 생물들을 포함합니다. 이 생태계는 또한 생태계가 차지하는 공간이 넓기 때문에 모든 생태계에서 가장 덜 알려져 있습니다. 하지만, 과학자들은 이제 유인 잠수정 Alvin과 같은 신기술 덕에 이 새로운 영역을 탐험할 수 있습니다. 현재 이 잠수정은 과학자들이 해저 3분의 2 깊이의 4,500m까지 접근할 수 있게 만듭니다.
 
 <h4>생태계 역학</h4>
 
 특정 생태계의 특징과 상관없이, 모든 생태계는 광합성과 유기체 간의 먹이 관계를 통해 에너지와 물질 변환의 동적 과정을 공유합니다. 생태계는 물질이 재활용되는 동안 생태계를 흐르는 태양 에너지의 지속적인 유입에 의해 작동됩니다.

개요

생태계는 환경의 모든 비생물적 요인과 생물적 요인 간의 상호 작용이며 육상 또는 수생으로 분류할 수 있습니다. ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Biology

생물학

Ecology

생태학

Ecosystems

생태계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

ecosystem zones and climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water.

Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual rainfall, so they support some of the most diverse habitats on Earth. Deserts also have high temperatures, but they receive too little rainfall, so their biodiversity can vary widely. At the other end, the arctic biome has very low temperatures and low rainfall, and it has the lowest biodiversity.

Between these major biomes are tundra, temperate grassland, and savanna ecosystems. These areas show yearly changes in temperature and rainfall. The plants and animals there are adapted to those seasonal shifts.

Freshwater ecosystems are the rarest ecosystems and cover about 2% of Earth’s surface. They include lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands. Water flow, temperature, and depth shape the biodiversity in these systems.

In ponds and lakes, the littoral zone is the shallow edge. It is the warmest part of the water body and contains many producers, consumers, and animals that live both on land and in water. The limnetic zone is the deep-water surface and gets enough light for plankton. The profundal zone is deeper water, where little light reaches and organisms often feed on dead matter rather than photosynthesize.

Streams and rivers move quickly. This flow adds oxygen to the water and helps keep it cool. Biodiversity also depends on river width and depth, and larger sections are usually more diverse than narrow ones. Wetlands are shallow areas of standing water, such as marshes, swamps, and bogs. They are often hot and moist and have the highest biodiversity of the freshwater ecosystems, with many plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.

Marine ecosystems are the most common and cover almost 75% of Earth’s surface. They differ from freshwater ecosystems because of high salinity. Marine systems are also divided by depth into shallow ocean, deep ocean surface, and deep ocean water. Shallow water is the most diverse and includes most coral reefs and their associated marine life.

The deep ocean surface still receives enough sunlight to support many organisms, including plankton. Plankton carries out around 40% of all photosynthesis on Earth. In the deep ocean, light is limited, so the ecosystem has fewer species, but many are unusual and adapted to darkness and high pressure. It is also the least known ecosystem because it covers such a large area. New tools, such as the human occupied vehicle Alvin, now let scientists explore this frontier and reach about 2/3 of the ocean floor down to 4,500 m.

All ecosystems share the movement of energy and matter through photosynthesis and feeding relationships. Solar energy enters the ecosystem and moves through living things. Matter is recycled as organisms interact and feed.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how climate, depth, and sunlight shape terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, from rainforests to the deep ocean.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

ESS.EES.4.2

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.N

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.I

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.H

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-7

Life Sciences

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

HS-LS2-6

Environmental Science

Resources And Resource Management

HS-EVS1-1

Environmental Awareness And Protection

HS-EVS2-3

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Physical Geology

Earth's Resources

Soil and sediment

Tennessee Academic Standards

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

BIO1.LS2.4

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.8

BIO.8.b

BIO.8.c

ES.8

ES.8.b

ES.8.d

ES.10

ES.10.a

LS.5

LS.5.b

LS.7

LS.7.a

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L2

HS.L2U1.19

Alabama Course of Study Science

Ecosystems: Interactions Energy and Dynamics

9-12.B.2.6

Unity and Diversity

9-12.EVS.2.3

9-12.EVS.3.4

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-ESS2-1

HS-ESS2-2

HS-ESS2-6

Earth and Human Activity

HS-ESS3-1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.7

SC.912.E.7.3

SC.912.E.7.4

SC.912.L.17

SC.912.L.17.7

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.13

BIO.13.B

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS2-1.

B-LS2-2.

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS3-1.

E-ESS3-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SEV1.

SEV1.b

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS2-3.

HS-LS2-4.

HS-LS2-2.

Entomology

SEN1.

SEN1.d

Oceanography

SO3.

SO3.2

SO3.3

SEC1.

SEC1.a

SB5.c

myJoVE Corporation

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

ESS.EES.2.1

Analyze and interpret data to predict locations of volcanoes and earthquakes based on plate boundaries.

ESS.EES.2.2

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

An Overview of Alkenone Biomarker Analysis for Paleothermometry

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Throughout this series of videos, natural samples were extracted and ...

Topographic Surveying and Contours

Topographic surveying is critical for documenting the Earth's surface, focusing on capturing elevations, slopes, and natural and man-made features. It is ...

Plotting of Topographic Maps

Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional ...

Methods of Obtaining Topography

Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. ...

Use models to explain how plate tectonics influence topography.

ESS.EES.2.3

The Soil Ecosystem

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

Conditions on Early Earth

Carry out investigations to explain how the rock cycle and rates of weathering, erosion, and soil formation influence Earth's systems.

ESS.EES.2.4

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

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