Name: water movement through earth systems
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Water Cycle

- [강사] 수권의 영역은행성에 물이 발생하는 곳 전체입니다지구의 물을 대부분 차지하는 공급처는바다의 염수이며, 각각의 물 분자는3000년 동안 그대로일 수 있으며이는 체류 시간으로 알려진 측정치입니다물 분자는 중요한 담수 공급원인호수 및 하천과 같은 경우에 훨씬 더 빨리 순환합니다주기는 태양 에너지가지표수를 데우고 증발시키며 시작되는데바다, 시내 및 호수에서 대기로 이어지며여기선 응축되어 구름을 형성합니다그 후 물은 지구 표면으로 강수로 되돌아갑니다이제 바다로 다시 흘러 들어갈 수 있는데시내와 호수를 거치며대수층에 저장되도록 토양으로 스며 들고지표면 아래에서 지하수로 흐르거나증산을 통해 다시 증발되는데육상 식물에 의해 일어납니다

햄링턴, B.D., J. T. 리거, M.-H. Lo, K. B. Karnauskas 및 R. R. Leben. "해수면 상승으로부터 데카달 글로벌 물 순환 변동성 분리(Separating Decadal Global Water Cycle Variability from Sea Level Rise)", Scientific Reports 7 (2017년 4월 20일). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00875-5" target="__blank">소스</a>]

Haddeland, Ingjerd, Jens Heinke, Hester Biemans, Stephanie Eisner, Martina Flörke, Naota Hanasaki, Markus Konzmann, et al. "Human Interventions and Climate Change의 영향을 받는 세계 수자원." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 9 (March 4, 2014): 3251–56. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222475110" target="__blank">소스</a>]

물 순환

지구의 수권(hydrosphere)은 물의 저장과 이동이 일어나는 모든 영역을 포함합니다. 물은 모든 살아있는 과정의 기본이기 때문에, 물의 순환은 생태계의 역학에 매우 중요합니다.
 
 물의 순환은 태양이 육지와 바다 표면 물을 데워 증발시키고 수증기 형태로 대기에 들어갈 때 시작됩니다. 수증기는 구름으로 응축되고 비, 눈 또는 우박의 형태로 강수로 떨어집니다.
 
 지구로 떨어진 후, 물은 다시 큰 수역으로 들어가 증발하거나 표면에 유출된 채로 남아 있을 수도 있고, 토양으로 스며들 수도 있고, 식물에 의해 흡수되거나 (잎의 모공에서 방출되어 대기 중으로 증발) 지하수(groundwater)가 될 수도 있습니다. 깊은 지하수는 저수지(reservoir)나 대수층(aquifer)을 형성할 수 있고, 얕은 지하수는 수역에 도달합니다. 여기서 지하수는 순환을 계속하기 위해 지표수로 증발할 수 있습니다.
 
 <h4>장기 저장</h4>
 
 인간의 세포는 70%가 넘는 물을 가지고 있고, 육지의 거의 모든 유기체는 살아남기 위해 담수(freshwater)를 필요로 합니다. 하지만, 지구상에 있는 물의 97.5%는 소금물이고, 1% 미만의 담수는 강과 호수를 통해 접근할 수 있습니다. 지구상의 대부분의 물은 바다와 대양(ocean)에서 얼음, 지하수, 또는 소금물로 존재하며, 많은 식물, 동물, 곰팡이들이 접근할 수 없고, 단기 순환에도 사용할 수 없습니다. 이러한 형태로 저장된 물은 물의 순환에 들어가기 전에 체류시간(residence time)이라고 불리는 긴 시간 동안 저장됩니다.
 
 <h4>단기 물순환</h4>
 
 태양으로부터의 에너지는 육지와 대양의 표면을 따뜻하게 데워 증발(evaporation), 승화(sublimation; 고체 형태에서 증발하는 얼음), 그리고 증산(transpiration; 식물에서 생기는 물 증발)을 통해 대기로 들어가게 합니다. 그런 다음 수증기가 응축되어 구름을 형성하고 결국 강수(precipitation; 예: 비 또는 눈)로 지구에 떨어집니다. 지구 표면으로 되돌아오는 물은 수역을 채우거나, 땅에서 다시 증발하거나, 식물에 의해 흡수되고 전달되기 위해 토양에 스며들거나, 지하수로 지표면 아래를 흐르거나, 또는 대수층에 장기간 보관될 수 있습니다.

지구의 수권에는 물의 저장과 이동이 발생하는 모든 영역이 포함됩니다. 물은 모든 살아있는 과정의 기초이기 때문에 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

생물학

Ecology

생태학

Ecosystems

생태계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

water movement through earth systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics.

The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and by transpiration, which is water released from plant leaves and then evaporated.

Water vapor cools and condenses into clouds. It later falls back to Earth as precipitation, such as rain, snow, or hail. After that, the water may collect in large bodies of water, evaporate again from the ground, run off across the surface, or seep into soil.

Some water in the soil is absorbed by plants and returned to the atmosphere through transpiration. Some becomes groundwater, which moves below the surface. Deep groundwater can form reservoirs called aquifers, while shallow groundwater eventually reaches a body of water and can evaporate again as surface water.

Water also stays stored for long periods before it enters the cycle again. Human cells are over 70% water, and almost all land organisms need fresh water to survive. Yet 97.5% of Earth’s water is saltwater, and less than 1% of freshwater is accessible in rivers and lakes.

Most water on Earth is locked up as ice, groundwater, or saltwater in the oceans and seas. These stores have long residence times, which means the water remains there for extended periods. They are not part of short-term cycling until the water moves back into the active water cycle.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Track how water moves through Earth’s systems by evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, transpiration, and groundwater storage.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

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