Name: carbon movement in living systems
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Carbon Cycle

탄소 순환계에서탄소 원자들은 자연 생태계를 통해 이동합니다광합성부터 시작하자면 식물과 같은 독립 영양 생물들은이산화 탄소의 형태로 존재하는 대기 중의 탄소를소비 가능한 에너지로 변형시켜종속 영양 생물에게 흡수됩니다이런 유기체들은 호흡을 통해 탄소를대기로 다시 배출하거나배변 활동 중에 토양으로 내보냅니다대기 중의 이산화탄소는물에 쉽게 용해되기 때문에해양은 거대한 탄소의 저장고라고 할 수 있습니다이산화탄소는 물과 반응하여탄산을 형성하고 그 후 이온을 탄화합니다해양수 내의 탄산칼슘은산호의 골격과 연체동물의 껍질을 생성하는 데 이용됩니다탄소는 또한 나이가 많은 나무의 몸 안이나 토양에짧은 기간동안 저장이 되기도 하고한 때 살았었던 생명체의 유기적 흔적인 화석에훨씬 오랜 기간동안 저장되기도 합니다마지막으로, 퇴적물과 지표 위의 토양에 저장된 탄소는마그마 형태로 녹아 화산 폭발 시에 대기로분출이 되기도 하는데이는 탈가스라고 불립니다

Brüggemann, N., A. Gessler, Z. Kayler, S. G. Keel, F. Badeck, M. Barthel, P. Boeckx, et al. "식물-토양-대기 연속체에서의 탄소 할당 및 탄소 동위원소 플럭스: 검토."Biogeosciences 8, no. 11 (2011년 11월 28일): 3457–89. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3457-2011" target="__blank">소스</a>]

Baldocchi, Dennis, Youngryel Ryu, Trevor Keenan. "육상 탄소 순환 변동성(Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Variability)". F1000Research 5 (2016년 9월 26일): 2371. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8962.1" target="__blank">소스</a>]

탄소 순환

탄소(carbon)는 지구상의 모든 유기체의 기반이고, 생태계를 통해 두 가지 주요 과정으로 재활용됩니다. 하나는 생물들 사이에서 탄소가 교환되는 과정이고, 하나는 화석화된 유골, 바위의 풍화, 그리고 화산 활동을 통해 오랜 시간에 걸쳐 탄소가 순환되는 과정입니다. 증가한 농업 관행과 화석 연료의 연소를 포함한 인간의 활동은 천연 탄소 순환의 균형에 큰 영향을 끼쳤습니다.
 
 <h4>생물 탄소 순환</h4>
 
 모든 생물은 탄소의 원자를 포함하는 유기 분자로 구성되어 있습니다. 탄소는 물과 반응하여 중탄산을 형성하는 이산화탄소 기체로 대기 중에 존재합니다. 광합성을 하는 동안, 1차 생산자(또는 독립영양생물)는 이산화탄소와 중탄산을 포도당과 같은 유기 탄소 함유 화합물로 변환하여 성장, 유지 및 기타 과정에 에너지를 제공합니다.
 
 종속영양생물(heterotroph)은 독립영양생물(autotroph; 자가영양생물)을 소비함으로써 성장과 유지를 위한 유기 탄소를 공급받습니다. 세포호흡 과정을 통해 이 유기 분자들은 분해되어 저장된 에너지를 방출합니다. 이 과정의 부산물은 물과 이산화탄소로, 호흡을 통해 대기로 방출되어 순환을 계속합니다.
 
 탄소는 또한 동물의 배설물이나 죽은 유기체의 부패 물질로서 환경으로 돌아갈 수 있습니다. 박테리아와 곰팡이와 같은 분해자들은 이 물질들을 이산화탄소와 유기 화합물로 분해합니다.
 
 <h4>장기 지질 순환</h4>
 
 탄소는 대기, 큰 수역, 해양 퇴적물, 토양, 화석화된 동물의 잔해, 지구 내부에 장기간 보관됩니다. 대기에서 나오는 이산화탄소는 바다의 물속에 용해되고 물 분자와 반응하며 탄산염으로 변환됩니다. 이 탄산염은 칼슘 이온과 결합하여 산호나 굴과 같은 많은 해양 유기체의 탄산칼슘 껍질을 구성합니다. 이 유기체들이 죽으면 유해는 분해되고 해저로 가라앉아 점차 침전물의 일부가 될 수 있습니다. 이 침전물은 결국 석회암을 형성하는데, 석회암은 지구상에서 가장 큰 탄소 저수지를 구성합니다.
 
 크고 오래 사는 나무들은 또한 수 세기 동안 몸에 탄소를 저장할 수 있습니다. 훨씬 더 장기적인 탄소 저장고로서, 유기체의 잔해는 수백만 년 동안 지구 깊숙한 곳에 석탄, 석유, 천연가스와 같은 화석 연료의 형태로 탄소를 저장합니다. 지구 표면 아래 깊숙이 저장된 탄소는 화산 폭발 중 표면과 대기로 되돌아갈 수 있습니다.
 
 <h4>탄소 순환에 미치는 인간의 영향</h4>
 
 화석 연료와 나무의 연소로 인해 상당한 양의 이산화탄소를 대기로 방출해 지구 기후를 변화시키고 있습니다. 게다가, 삼림 벌채와 농업 관행의 증가는 토양의 유기 물질의 양을 줄이고 또 탄소 저장을 줄여 대기 중의 메탄과 같은 온실가스의 양을 증가시킴으로써 자연 탄소 순환에 영향을 미치고 있습니다.

탄소는 지구상의 모든 유기물의 기초이며 두 가지 주요 과정으로 생태계를 통해 재활용됩니다.

Education

교육

JoVE Core

생물학

Ecology

생태학

Ecosystems

생태계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

carbon movement in living systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance.

In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and bicarbonate during photosynthesis to make organic compounds such as glucose. These carbon-containing molecules support growth, maintenance, and other life processes.

Heterotrophs get organic carbon by eating autotrophs. They break down these molecules during cellular respiration to release stored energy. Water and carbon dioxide are the main byproducts, and the carbon returns to the atmosphere through respiration. Carbon can also leave organisms as waste or as dead matter. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, break this material down and release carbon dioxide and organic compounds back into the environment.

Carbon also moves through long-term geological storage. It can remain in the atmosphere, large water bodies, ocean sediment, soil, fossilized animal remains, and deep inside the Earth for long periods. In the ocean, dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with water and becomes carbonates. These carbonates combine with calcium ions to form calcium carbonate shells in marine organisms such as coral and oysters. When these organisms die, their remains can sink and become part of sediment, which may later form limestone, the largest carbon reservoir on Earth.

Large, long-lived trees can store carbon in their bodies for centuries. On much longer time scales, the remains of organisms become fossil fuels, including coal, petroleum, and natural gas, deep in the Earth. Carbon stored underground can return to the surface and atmosphere during volcanic eruptions. Burning fossil fuels and wood releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which affects global climate. Deforestation and increased agricultural practices also change the natural carbon cycle by reducing soil organic matter, lowering carbon storage, and raising greenhouse gases such as methane.

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how carbon moves through photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, oceans, rocks, and fossil fuels, and how human activity disrupts the cycle.

Carbon Movement in Living Systems | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

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