Name: nitrogen in soil and living things
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 49 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Nitrogen Cycle

- [강사] 질소 순환은 생태계에서생물 및 비 생물 성분 사이의질소 원자의 이동을 포함합니다.대부분의 생태계의 질소는대기 중 가스 (N2) 로 저장됩니다.그러나 박테리아만 질소 기체를 다른 유기체가사용할 수 있는 형태로 변환하는 데 필요한효소를 보유하고 있습니다. 이 용어는 질소 고정이라고 합니다.그러므로 질소는 생태계에서매우 제한적인 영양소입니다.일단 토양에 있는 박테리아가 가스를 암모니아로전환 시키면 식물은 질소를 단백질,DNA 및 기타 유기 분자로 변환 할 수 있으며,초식 동물에 의해 소비되고아미노산으로 분해된다.이들은 성장 및 발달 및 소비자를 위한 영양을 위해사용 가능한 단백질로 재조합될 수 있습니다.동시에, 초식 동물과 소비자들은 일부 질소를폐기물로 다시 토양으로 돌려보내고 있습니다.죽은 유기체와 폐기물 모두 단백질,요소 및 요산의 형태로 질소를 포함합니다.박테리아 나 곰팡이와 같은 해열제는 암모니아를토양으로 방출하는 이 분자들을 분해 할 수 있으며,암모니아는 식물에 흡수되거나 질산화 박테리아에의해 질산염으로 전환 될 수 있습니다.이 질산염은 또한 식물에 흡수되거나산소가 없는 상태에서 탈질 박테리아에 의해질소 가스로 전환 될 수 있습니다.인간은 또한 농업 비료를 사용하여생태계에 질소를 주입합니다.그러나 잘못된 시간이나 다량으로 사용하면과도한 질소가 수생 생태계로 유입되어 박테리아,조류 및 수생 식물의 성장을 증가시킬 수 있는데이는 부영양화라고 불리는 과정입니다.

Ramakrishnan VV, Ghaly AE. "생태계에서의 질소 공급원 및 순환과 공기, 물 및 토양 오염에서의 역할: 비판적 검토." 오염 효과 및 제어 저널 03, no. 02 (2015). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4397.1000136" target="__blank">소스</a>]

질소 순환

모든 단백질과 DNA에 존재하는 질소(nitrogen) 원자는 생태계의 비생물적 구성 요소와 생물학적 구성 요소 사이에서 재활용됩니다. 그러나 지구상의 질소의 주요 형태는 대부분의 동물과 식물에서 사용할 수 없는 질소 가스입니다. 따라서 질소 가스는 다른 살아있는 유기체를 통해 순환되기 전에 먼저 질소 고정 박테리아에 의해 사용 가능한 형태로 변환되어야 합니다. 인간 농업에서 질소가 함유된 비료와 동물 폐기물 제품의 사용은 자연 질소 순환에 큰 영향을 미쳤습니다.
 
 <h4>생물학적 질소 순환</h4>
 
 우리가 호흡하는 공기의 약 78%가 질소 가스입니다. 하지만, 이런 N2 형태를 사용할 수 있는 유기체는 거의 없습니다. 질소는 단백질과 DNA와 같은 모든 유기체에서 필수적인 분자를 구성합니다. 대기 형태의 질소를 사용할 수 없는 대부분의 유기체는 질소 고정(nitrogen fixation)과 질화 원핵생물(nitrifying prokaryote)의 부산물을 통해 질소를 얻습니다. 질소 고정은 질소 가스(N2)를 암모니아(NH3)로 변환하고, 질화는 NH3을 아질산염(NO2-)과 질산염(NO3-)으로 변환합니다. 식물은 암모니아와 질산염을 직접 사용할 수 있고, 식물을 먹는 유기체는 식물을 섭취해 질소를 얻습니다. 이 유기체들이 죽었을 때, 토양 속의 박테리아는 암모니아화(ammonification)라고 불리는 과정에서 유기 질소를 암모니아로 바꿀 수 있습니다. 탈질화(denitrification)를 통해, 호기성(aerobic; 유산소) 박테리아는 암모니아를 다시 대기 중으로 방출되는 질소 가스로 바꾸어 순환을 완료할 수 있습니다.
 
 <h4>질소 저장고</h4>
 
 질소를 장기간 보관할 수 있는 주요 저장고는 대기 중의 질소 가스입니다. 하지만, 생태계에도 여러 작은 질소 저장고가 있습니다. 질소는 늪, 해양 퇴적물, 그리고 퇴적암에서 비교적 오랜 시간 동안 묶일 수 있습니다. 그러나 질소 화합물이 물에 매우 녹기 때문에, 퇴적암의 풍화는 질소를 생태계로 다시 방출할 수 있습니다.
 
 <h4>질소 순환에 대한 인간의 영향</h4>
 
 질소는 종종 자연환경에서 식물 성장을 제한하는 제한영양소(limiting nutrient)이기 때문에, 농민들이 농업 수확량을 증가시키기 위해 비료로 질소를 토양에 첨가합니다. 수생 생태계로의 농업 유출(agricultural runoff)은 부영양화(eutrophication)와 유독한 조류 종의 부자연스러울 정도로 빠른 성장을 초래할 수 있습니다. 또한 많은 수의 가축을 기르는 것은 토양과 지역 수원의 질소 폐기물의 양을 증가시킬 수 있습니다.

모든 단백질과 DNA에 존재하는 질소 원자는 생태계의 비생물적 구성 요소와 생물학적 구성 요소 사이에서 재활용됩니다. 그러나, 의 기본 형태 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

생물학

Ecology

생태학

Ecosystems

생태계

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

nitrogen in soil and living things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs.

About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3). Nitrification then changes ammonia into nitrites (NO2-) and nitrates (NO3-). Plants can use ammonia and nitrates directly. Plant-eating organisms get nitrogen by eating plants.

When organisms die, soil bacteria break down organic nitrogen and convert it into ammonia. This process is called ammonification. Aerobic bacteria can then carry out denitrification and convert ammonia into nitrogen gas that returns to the atmosphere. That return of nitrogen gas completes the cycle.

The main long-term reservoir for nitrogen is nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. Smaller nitrogen sinks also store nitrogen for long periods. These include swamps, marine sediments, and sedimentary rock. Because nitrogen compounds dissolve easily in water, weathering of sedimentary rock can release nitrogen back into the ecosystem.

Human activity can change the nitrogen cycle. Farmers add nitrogen to soil as fertilizer because nitrogen is often a limiting factor for plant growth in natural environments. This can increase agricultural yield. However, runoff from farms can enter aquatic ecosystems and cause eutrophication, which leads to unnaturally rapid growth of toxic algae species. Large numbers of livestock can also increase the amount of nitric waste in soil and local water sources.

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Follow nitrogen as it moves from air to soil, plants, and animals, and see how bacteria, fertilizers, and runoff shape the cycle in ecosystems.

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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JoVE Core 시리즈는 생물학의 주요 개념을 설명하는 300개가 넘는 간결하고 이해하기 쉬운 애니메이션 비디오 강의와 오늘날 실험실에서 수행된 실제 연구 실험을 보여주는 150개가 넘는 과학자 활동 비디오를 통해 생물학에 활기를 불어 넣습니다.

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.2.4

ESS.EES.4.2

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.H

3.1.9-12.K

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Diversity And Interdependence Of Life

Biodiversity

Tennessee Academic Standards

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

BIO1.LS2.3

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.8

BIO.8.b

Earth Science

ES.11

ES.11.b

LS.5

LS.5.a

LS.9

LS.9.c

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

2.2.1 9L.2.2.1.1

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.11

112.49.c.11.A.

112.49.c.12.

112.49.c.12.E.

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

HS-LS2-3

Earth and Space Science

HS-ESS2-6

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L2

HS+B.L2U1.3

HS.L2

HS.L2U1.21

Alabama Course of Study Science

Ecosystems: Interactions Energy and Dynamics

9-12.B.2.7

Environmental Science

9-12.EVS.1.2

Earth and Human Activity

9-12.EVS.4.8

Next Generation Science Standards

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.7

SC.912.E.7.1

SC.912.L.17

SC.912.L.17.10

BIO.13

BIO.13.C

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Botany

SBO5.

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south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS2-5.

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

Earth’s Systems

E-ESS2-7.

SEV1.

SEV1.c

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS2-3.

HS-LS2-4.

HS-LS2-5.

Earth and Space Sciences

HS-ESS2-6.

Oceanography

SO6.

SO6.2

SEC4.

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SB5.b

myJoVE Corporation

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the ...

Use models to illustrate how processes in organisms contribute to the flow of energy and the cycling of matter within an ecosystem.

What are Populations and Communities?

Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that inhabit a shared environment. Communities include multiple co-existing, interacting ...

Distribution and Dispersion

Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment and with one another. An important aspect of ecology is understanding where species ...

Life Histories

Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented ...

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with ...

Use models to explain the relationship between the flow of energy and cycling of matter among organisms in an ecosystem.

LS.Bio.4.2

Ecological Niches

All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors&#x2014;including food resources, climate, and ...

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species ...

Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ...

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those ...

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. ...

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain how interactions between organisms (predator/prey, competition) affect carrying capacity and maintain stability in an ecosystem.

LS.Bio.5.1

Analyze the relationships between matter and energy within ecosystems.

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

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