Name: how dna structure was discovered
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:29:48.000Z
Duration: 1 min 7 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.5

The DNA Helix

디옥시리보핵산(Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA)은 두 개의 폴리뉴클레오티드 사슬로 구성되어 있습니다.
이러한 각 사슬은 4가지 유형의 뉴클레오티드 소단위로 구성됩니다.
각 뉴클레오티드는 단일 인산기와 질소 함유 염기(아데닌, A, 시토신, C, 구아닌, G 또는 티민, T)로 구성되며, 당의 데옥시리보스에 부착되어 있습니다.
이 배열은 DNA 구조의 당-인산염 골격을 생성합니다.
각 가닥의 골격을 따라 포스포다이에스테르 결합은 한 설탕의 세 번째 탄소 원자를 사슬의 다음 설탕 분자의 다섯 번째 탄소 원자에 공유 결합합니다.
반대쪽 역평행 가닥에서 각 염기는 C와 G, A와 T로 고유하게 쌍을 이루는데, 이는 이들 사이에 형성되는 수소 결합의 수가 다르기 때문입니다.
이러한 화학적 극성은 효율적인 패킹을 보장하며, 두 가닥을 서로 감아 3D 이중 나선을 형성하며, 매 턴마다 10개의 염기쌍이 있습니다.

dna 나선

디옥시리보핵산(DNA)은 모든 유기체와 대부분의 바이러스에서 세대에서 세대로 형질을 전달하는 역할을 하는 유전 물질입니다. DNA는 두 개의 뉴클레오티드 가닥으로 구성되어 있으며 서로 감겨져 이중나선이라고 불리는 스프링 같은 구조를 형성합니다. 그러나 이중 나선은 완벽하게 대칭이 아닙니다. 대신, 구조에 규칙적으로 발생하는 홈이 있습니다. 주요 홈은 당-인산 골격이 상대적으로 멀리 떨어져 있는 곳에서 발생합니다. 이 공간은 전사 인자와 같은 DNA 결합 단백질에 대한 접근을 허용합니다. 이와 대조적으로 작은 홈은 당-인산 골격이 서로 가까운 곳에 발생합니다. 작은 홈을 통해 DNA에 결합하는 단백질은 상대적으로 적습니다.

DNA 구조의 발견: 간략한 역사

DNA 구조의 발견은 거의 한 세기에 걸쳐 점진적으로 이루어졌으며 이는 과학 역사상 가장 유명하고 매혹적인 이야기 중 하나입니다.

모든 것은 1869년 스위스 과학자 프리드리히 미셔가 "핵인"이라고 부르는 물질을 발견하면서 시작되었습니다. 미셔는 백혈구에서 단백질을 추출하는 과정에서 인 함량이 상대적으로 높은 뜻밖의 물질을 발견했습니다. 그는 그것이 무엇인지 몰랐지만 그것이 생물학적으로 중요할 수 있다고 의심했습니다. 미셔의 말이 옳았지만 과학계가 그의 통찰력을 완전히 이해하는 데는 수십 년이 걸렸습니다.

다음 중요한 발견은 러시아 생화학자 피버스 레빈에 의해 이루어졌습니다. 1919년에 레빈은 당시 핵산으로 알려진 뉴클레인이 그가 폴리뉴클레오티드라고 불렀던 분자 사슬로 구성되어 있다고 제안했습니다. 레빈의 제안은 개별 뉴클레오티드가 인산기, 당, 질소 함유 염기로 구성되어 있다는 사실을 발견한 효모 연구에서 비롯되었습니다. 레빈의 폴리뉴클레오티드 모델은 여러 측면에서 정확했지만 DNA 분자에서 염기가 어떻게 배열되어 있는지는 여전히 불분명했습니다.

오스트리아 생화학자 에르빈 샤르가프는 레빈의 연구를 확장했습니다. 1940년대 후반에 샤가프는 DNA의 아데닌 양은 항상 티민 양과 거의 같고, 구아닌 양은 항상 시토신 양과 거의 같다는 중요한 사실을 발견했습니다. 이 패턴은 샤르가프의 법칙으로 알려졌으며 DNA 구조의 최종 해명을 가능하게 한 핵심 증거였습니다.

1950년대 초 미국의 생물학자 제임스 왓슨과 영국의 물리학자 프랜시스 크릭은 DNA의 3차원 구조를 발견하기 위해 그들의 주요 라이벌인 미국의 리누스 폴링과 경쟁하고 있었습니다. 샤르가프의 연구를 바탕으로 물리학, 수학, 화학 지식을 사용하여 DNA의 물리적 모델을 만들었습니다. 그러나 중요한 자료, 즉 이중나선 구조를 아주 자세하게 나타내는 DNA의 X선 '사진'을 받기 전까지는 성공하지 못했습니다. 이 사진은 물리학자 로잘린드 프랭클린의 미발표 자료였으며 프랭클린도 모르게 왓슨과 크릭에게 전달되었습니다. 왓슨과 크릭은 1953년에 DNA 구조에 대한 설명을 발표했고, 프랭클린의 동료인 모리스 윌킨스와 함께 이 발견으로 1962년 노벨 생리학·의학상을 수상했습니다. 안타깝게도 프랭클린은 1958년에 사망했기 때문에 노벨상 수상 자격이 없었습니다.

DNA 나선

디옥시리보핵산(Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA)은 모든 유기체와 대부분의 바이러스에서 대대로 형질을 전달하는 유전 물질입니다. DNA는 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

세포생물학

Unit 1

제1단원

Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

세포, 게놈, 그리고 진화

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

how dna structure was discovered

DNA is the genetic material that passes traits from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is made of two strands of nucleotides that twist into a spring-like double helix. The shape is not perfectly even. It also has repeating grooves called the major groove and the minor groove.

The major groove forms where the sugar-phosphate backbones are farther apart. This wider space gives DNA-binding proteins, including transcription factors, better access to the bases. The minor groove forms where the backbones are closer together. Relatively few proteins bind to DNA through the minor groove.

The story of DNA structure unfolded over nearly a century. It began in 1869, when Swiss scientist Friedrich Miescher found a phosphorus-rich substance in white blood cells and called it nuclein. He did not know what it was, but he suspected it had biological importance. Later work showed that his idea was right.

In 1919, Russian biochemist Phoebus Levene proposed that nucleic acid was made of chains of molecules called polynucleotides. His yeast studies showed that each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. This model was useful, but it still did not explain how the bases were arranged in DNA. In the late 1940s, Erwin Chargaff added a key clue by showing that adenine is roughly equal to thymine and guanine is roughly equal to cytosine.

That evidence helped James Watson and Francis Crick build their DNA models in the early 1950s. They were competing with Linus Pauling and used ideas from physics, mathematics, and chemistry. They succeeded only after seeing an X-ray photograph of DNA that showed the double helix in detail. The image came from Rosalind Franklin’s unpublished data and was shared without her knowledge. Watson and Crick published their description in 1953, and with Maurice Wilkins they received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Franklin died in 1958, so she was not eligible for the prize.

How DNA Structure Was Discovered

what are cells?

Cells as the Building Blocks of Life

Cells are the basic building blocks of life. A bacterium can be a single cell, while a human is made of trillions of cells. Even with this range, cells share key features that support life. A living cell has a plasma membrane. This is a bilayer of lipids that separates the cytoplasm inside the cell from the outside environment. A cell also carries genetic information in the form of DNA. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed...

the tree of life - bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

Three Domains on the Tree of Life

The tree of life shows how living things are grouped into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. This classification helps explain the major branches of life and how they are related. Bacteria and Archaea are both single-celled organisms, but they are not the same. Eukaryotes include organisms with more complex cells, such as plants, animals, and fungi. Together, these three domains give a broad picture of life on Earth. Understanding the tree of life helps students compare cell...

prokaryotic cells

How Prokaryotes Survive Without a Nucleus

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that live without a nucleus. They include the domains Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include common microbes such as Salmonella and E. coli, while Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh places like volcanic springs. Prokaryotic cells still share several basic features with eukaryotic cells. They have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material in the form of single, circular DNA. Their cell parts float freely in the...

eukaryotic compartmentalization

How Organelles Keep Cells Working

Eukaryotic cells keep their organelles separate so each part can do a specific job. Organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by membranes. These membranes are selectively permeable, which means they control what enters and leaves. That control creates small internal environments with conditions suited to each organelle. These controlled spaces help organelles work more efficiently. In animal cells, lysosomes keep an acidic environment that helps their enzymes digest...

eukaryotic evolution

How Eukaryotic Cells Became Complex

Eukaryotic cells became complex through a debated evolutionary path that likely involved endosymbiosis. The most accepted model is the endosymbiont theory, which explains how organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts may have entered an ancestral cell. Other ideas include the nucleus-first hypothesis, the mitochondria-first hypothesis, and the eukaryote-first hypothesis. The nucleus-first hypothesis says an ancestral prokaryote first formed a membrane around its DNA, creating the...

animal and plant cell structure

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cytoplasm

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The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities. The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while...

the nucleus

Nuclear DNA, Chromatin, and Nucleoli

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that stores chromosomal DNA and helps control what proteins a eukaryotic cell makes. It acts as the cell’s control center. DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts is different because it mainly supports functions specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This DNA-protein complex is called chromatin. During interphase, when the cell is not dividing, chromatin stays loosely arranged so the DNA is easy...

the dna helix

DNA is the genetic material that passes traits from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is made of two strands of nucleotides that twist into a spring-like double helix. The shape is not perfectly even. It also has repeating grooves called the major groove and the minor groove. The major groove forms where the sugar-phosphate backbones are farther apart. This wider space gives DNA-binding proteins, including transcription factors, better access to the bases. The minor...

the central dogma

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DNA to protein flow depends on RNA as the link between genetic information and the amino acids that build proteins. Early scientists knew that DNA stores the information for cell functions and that proteins carry out most of those functions. For a long time, they did not know how the code in DNA became a working protein. At first, many people thought one gene was changed directly into its protein. Two findings in eukaryotic cells challenged that idea. Protein production does not happen in the...

mutations

Mutations in DNA and Inherited Disease

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genome size and the evolution of new genes

genome-size-and-the-evolution-of-new-genes

Genome Size and Gene Evolution

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gene families

Shared Origins of Gene Families

Gene families are groups of related genes that share a common origin. They form when genes are copied and then change over time. These related genes can be found within the same genome. The video also connects gene families to homologous genes and orthologous genes. Homologous genes are genes with a shared evolutionary origin. Orthologous genes are homologous genes found in different species. Gene families help show how these relationships are used to study evolution and related gene functions.

gene evolution - fast or slow?

Gene Evolution Rates and Selection

Gene evolution can happen at different rates, and natural selection helps shape those changes. Some genes change slowly because important DNA changes are removed over time. Other genes can change more quickly when different mutations are kept in a population. The rate of evolution depends on how a gene is used and how strongly it is affected by selection. Genes with essential jobs often stay more similar across species. Genes under weaker pressure may show more variation and may evolve faster.<br...

types of genetic transfer between organisms

types-of-genetic-transfer-between-organisms

Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer

Genetic transfer between organisms happens in two main ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. These two routes explain how hereditary material moves from one generation to the next or between organisms that are not parent and offspring. Vertical gene transfer passes genes from parent to offspring during reproduction. This is the usual way genetic information is inherited in living things. Horizontal gene transfer moves genetic material between organisms outside of...

key terms and concepts

Explore how scientists uncovered DNA’s double helix, from Miescher’s nuclein to Chargaff’s rule, Franklin’s X-ray image, and Watson and Crick.

How DNA Structure Was Discovered | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.P

3.1.9-12.Q

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-1

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance And Variation Of Traits

HS-LS3-1

Biological Evolution: Unity And Diversity

HS-LS4-1

Tennessee Academic Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.3

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.d

BIO.5

BIO.5.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.4

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.4

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.7

BIO.7.A

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-1.

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

B-LS3-1.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SB6.c

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

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LS.Bio.1.1

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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

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Ligand Binding and Linkage

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Ribozymes

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LS.Bio.1.2

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Cell Size

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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Peroxisomes

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LS.Bio.1.3

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

How DNA Structure Was Discovered

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