Name: cadherins guide cell sorting in tissues
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T11:55:30.000Z
Duration: 1 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

세포 접착 분자의 일종인 Cadherins는 세포 사이의 선택적 접착을 매개하므로 조직 구조를 확립하고 유지하는 데 중요한 역할을 합니다.
발달 도중, 미분화된 세포는 상피 세포에 E-cadherins 및 신경 세포에 N-cadherins와 같은 별개의 조직 유형으로 분화하기 때문에 그들의 표면에 특정한 cadherins를 표현합니다.
cadherins는 일반적으로 동일한 유형의 다른 cadherins와 결합하기 때문에 세포가 서로 선택적으로 부착 할 수 있습니다.
게다가, 더 높은 cadherin 수준을 표현하는 세포는 더 낮은 수준을 가진 세포와 분리됩니다.
따라서, cadherins의 양적 및 질적 특이성은 세포를 조직으로 분류하고 조직하는 데 도움이 됩니다.
반대로, cadherin 발현의 하향 조절은 세포 부착의 손실로 이어집니다.
예를 들어, cadherin 발현을 중단한 종양 세포는 인접 세포에서 분리되어 조직 제약을 극복할 수 있습니다.
상피에서 중간엽으로의 전이 또는 EMT라고 하는 이 전이는 종양 세포가 악성 세포로 진행하는 데 필수적인 단계입니다.

<ol>
	<li>Paulson, Alicia F., et al. "신경계 발달에서 cadherin 발현 조절." Cell adhesion & migration 8.1 (2014): 19-28.</li>
	<li>Berx, Geert 및 Frans Van Roy. "암에 대한 cadherin 슈퍼패밀리 구성원의 참여." 생물학의 콜드 스프링 하버 관점 1.6 (2009): a003129.</li>
</ol>

조직 조직의 카드헤린

Cadherins in Tissue Organization

카드헤린은 180개 이상의 변이체로 구성된 세포 부착 분자의 수퍼패밀리이며, 특정 조직은 카드헤린 유형의 특정 조합을 발현합니다. 카드헤린은 일반적으로 동종친화성 결합을 나타냅니다. 즉, 한 세포의 카드헤린은 다른 세포의 동일하거나 밀접하게 관련된 유형의 카드헤린과 결합합니다. 따라서 동일한 유형의 세포는 서로 결합하고 클러스터로 분류되어 조직을 형성하는 특정 친화력을 가지고 있습니다.

개발 중 세포 정렬

양서류 배아를 이용한 초기 실험에서 입증된 바와 같이, 세포 분류는 배 발생 및 발달 과정에서 필수적인 역할을 합니다. 어린 배아의 세포를 분리하여 혼합했습니다. 이 혼합물이 응집되도록 허용하면 유사한 세포가 함께 그룹화되어 구조를 형성합니다. 이러한 구조는 중배엽, 표피 및 신경관과 같은 배아층과 유사합니다. 발달 과정에서 세포가 분화되면서 카드헤린의 발현이 변화하여 척추동물의 신경관과 같은 복잡한 구조가 형성될 수 있습니다. 신경고랑이 외배엽층에서 형성됨에 따라 신경판 세포는 카드헤린 발현을 E-카드헤린에서 N-카드헤린으로 전환합니다. 신경판 경계의 세포는 또한 카드헤린 6B와 같은 다른 카드헤린을 발현하기 시작하여 두 끝을 하나로 모으고 신경관의 꼬집기를 촉진합니다.

카드헤린과 악성종양

카드헤린 매개 세포-세포 접착은 다세포 유기체에서 조직 항상성을 유지하는 중요한 메커니즘입니다. 그러나 암성 조직에서는 이러한 세포 접착이 파괴됩니다. 많은 상피 종양 세포는 다양한 전사 조절 인자의 도움을 받아 부분적으로 또는 전체적으로 E-카드헤린 분자 발현을 중단합니다. 예를 들어, Twist라는 전사 조절제는 E-카드헤린의 발현을 억제하여 종양 세포가 이웃 세포에 부착되는 것을 방지합니다. 이러한 변형을 상피에서 중간엽으로의 전이(EMT)라고 합니다. 이는 종양 세포가 탈출하여 다른 조직을 침범할 수 있게 하는 악성 종양으로의 진행의 특징입니다. 악성 유방암 세포에서 Twist를 실험적으로 차단하면 악성 종양이 감소합니다. 대조적으로, 정상 상피 세포는 Twist 발현을 증가시킴으로써 EMT를 겪도록 유도될 수 있다.

cadherins는 180 개 이상의 변이체를 포함하는 세포 접착 분자의 superfamily이며, 특정 조직은 ...

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Cell Biology

세포생물학

Unit 1

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Cell-Cell Interactions

세포 간 상호작용

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

cadherins guide cell sorting in tissues

Cadherins help cells sort into the right tissues during development. They are a large superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, with more than 180 variants. Different tissues express specific cadherin combinations, which helps cells recognize and stick to the right neighbors.

Cadherins usually bind to the same or a closely related cadherin on another cell. This is called homophilic binding. Because of this matching behavior, cells of the same type tend to group together and form clusters that become tissues.

Cell sorting is important during embryogenesis and development. Early experiments with amphibian embryos showed this clearly. When young embryo cells were separated, mixed, and then allowed to come together again, similar cells clustered and formed structures like the mesoderm, epidermis, and neural tube.

Cadherin expression also changes as cells differentiate. During vertebrate neural tube formation, neural plate cells switch from E-cadherin to N-cadherin as the neural groove forms from the ectoderm. Cells at the neural plate border also begin expressing other cadherins, such as cadherin 6B. These changes help bring the two sides together and support pinching off of the neural tube.

Cadherin-mediated adhesion also helps maintain tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. In cancer, this adhesion can break down. Many epithelial tumor cells lose some or all E-cadherin expression, often with help from transcription regulators. One example is Twist, which blocks E-cadherin expression and reduces cell adhesion to neighboring cells.

Cadherins Guide Cell Sorting in Tissues

cell adhesion molecules - types and functions

cell-adhesion-molecules-types-and-functions

Cell Adhesion Molecules in Tissues

Cell adhesion molecules help cells stick together and work as part of a tissue. They give multicellular organisms physical strength and also help cells send signals across the plasma membrane. These proteins are important for coordinated activity in tissues and organ systems. CAMs are grouped into four main families: integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs, or IgCAMs. Each family supports cell interactions in a different way. Some CAMs help cells attach firmly, while...

structure of cadherins

Cadherins in Cell Junctions and Disease

Cadherins are cell adhesion proteins that help cells stick together and build tissues. Their name comes from their calcium-dependent binding. Early examples were named E-cadherin, P-cadherin, and N-cadherin after the epithelial, placental, and neuronal cells where they were first found. Classical cadherins share similar sequences and structures. Other cadherins, including those involved in cell signaling, are grouped as non-classical cadherins. This diversity comes from multiple cadherin genes...

cadherins in tissue organization

Cadherins help cells sort into the right tissues during development. They are a large superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, with more than 180 variants. Different tissues express specific cadherin combinations, which helps cells recognize and stick to the right neighbors. Cadherins usually bind to the same or a closely related cadherin on another cell. This is called homophilic binding. Because of this matching behavior, cells of the same type tend to group together and form clusters that...

catenins

Catenins in Cell Junctions and Signaling

Catenins help cells stay connected and also support signaling inside the body. These proteins act as linker proteins in cell junction complexes because they have multiple binding domains and flexible structures. Most catenins contain a protein sequence called the armadillo repeat, so they are also known as armadillo proteins. Alpha-catenin is the main exception. Catenins bind to cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins. They then connect cadherins to cytoskeletal proteins, and the exact link...

selectins

Selectins in Immune Cell Capture

Selectins help cells make short, temporary contacts during immune responses. They are cell adhesion molecules that bind carbohydrate ligands on other cells. These rod-like proteins have a long outside region and end in a lectin domain, which binds carbohydrates only when calcium ions are present. Three main selectins are known: L-selectin, P-selectin, and E-selectin. Their names reflect where they are found and how long they are. This tissue specificity helps explain why selectins act in...

immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules

immunoglobulin-like-cell-adhesion-molecules

Ig-CAMs in Neural Growth and Disease

Ig-CAMs, or immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules, are cell surface glycoproteins in the immunoglobulin superfamily. They contain immunoglobulin domains, and some also have fibronectin type III domains. Their Ig domains can be glycosylated to different degrees. These molecules can bind to the same kind of Ig-CAM or to other ligands, such as integrins. Most Ig-CAMs help cells stick together only for a short time. The nectin class is different because it helps form stable junctions,...

overview of cell-cell junctions

Cell Junctions in Tissues

Cell junctions help hold tissues together and let neighboring cells communicate. In multicellular organisms, the three-dimensional shape of tissues depends on interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix. Cell-cell junctions are specialized structures made of multi-protein complexes on one cell that connect with similar complexes on another cell. These junctions are grouped into three main types based on function: occluding, anchoring, and gap junctions. Tight junctions, also called...

adherens junctions

Cell Adhesion in Tissues and Infection

Adherens junctions are strong cell-to-cell anchors that help tissues stay connected. These anchoring junctions work with desmosomes, another type of junction that holds adjacent cells together. In many epithelial and endothelial tissues, adherens junctions form a continuous adhesion belt. In heart muscle, they often appear as clusters that help cells work together for coordinated contraction. Adherens junctions are also dynamic, especially in the cells that line blood vessels. These...

tension response at adherens junctions

How Adherens Junctions Sense Force

Adherens junctions help cells stay attached while they respond to mechanical force. These multi-protein complexes can adapt to tensile force and shear stress. When the force changes, mechanosensory proteins in the junction can change shape. This process is called mechanotransduction. Alpha-catenin is one of the main force-sensing proteins in adherens junctions. It is an allosteric protein, which means its shape affects how it works. Alpha-catenin has three VH, or vinculin homology, domains...

desmosomes

Desmosomes and Cell Anchoring

Desmosomes are cell junctions that anchor cells together. They are button-like structures that create an interlinked network of intermediate filaments across cells. This strong link helps tissues resist mechanical stress and maintain tissue integrity. Desmosomes are built from multiple proteins. Their core includes desmosomal cadherins, which are adhesion proteins that bind to cadherins on neighboring cells. The two desmosomal cadherins are desmogleins and desmocollins. These transmembrane...

tight junctions

Tight Junction Proteins and Cell Barriers

Tight junction proteins form seals between neighboring cells. These molecular barriers help stop fluids, ions, and other small solutes from leaking across body cavities and tissue compartments in multicellular organisms. They are an important part of cell barriers in places where controlled movement matters. The main tight junction proteins are claudin and occludin. Other proteins include tricellulin and JAM, which stands for junctional adhesion molecule. Most of these proteins are 4-pass...

gap junctions

Cell Communication Through Gap Junctions

Gap junctions let adjacent animal cells share small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers. These communication channels connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. They are built from many molecular channels, often from a few hundred to thousands in one junction. Each channel is made of two halves called connexon hemichannels. A connexon is a hexamer, meaning it is formed by six transmembrane connexin proteins. The six proteins arrange in a ring and create a pore in the center. One...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cadherins help cells stick together, sort into tissues, shape the neural tube, and change during cancer-related EMT in high school biology.

Cadherins Guide Cell Sorting in Tissues | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

Cadherins Guide Cell Sorting in Tissues

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