Name: net work in a cyclic thermodynamic process
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T12:31:42.000Z
Duration: 1 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

Physics

2.2.1 9P.2.2.1.1

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

열을 교환하지 않고 주변에서 작업하지 않는 시스템을 격리 시스템이라고 합니다. 이러한 시스템의 내부 에너지 변화는 0입니다.
고립되지 않은 시스템에서는 다음 프로세스가 순환하는 경우에만 내부 에너지가 일정할 수 있습니다.
폐 내부의 공기와 같은 열역학 시스템이 초기 압력과 부피에서 새로운 최종 상태로 확장되고 열역학 과정에서 초기 상태로 돌아간다고 가정합니다. 이러한 과정을 순환 프로세스라고 합니다. 
이 과정에서 가스의 내부 에너지는 일정하게 유지되므로 수행된 작업은 순 열 전달과 같습니다.
pV 다이어그램에서 이러한 순환 프로세스는 닫힌 경로로 표시됩니다. 첫 번째 경로를 따라 수행된 작업이 W1이고 두 번째 경로를 따라 수행된 작업이 W2라고 가정합니다. 순환 프로세스에서 수행되는 그물 작업은 이 두 닫힌 경로 사이의 영역으로 표시됩니다.
프로세스가 시계 방향 주기를 따르면 양수이고 시계 반대 방향 주기를 따르면 음수입니다.

<ol>
	<li>Young, H. D 및 Freedman, RA (2012). 현대 물리학을 가진 대학 물리학. 샌프란시스코, 캘리포니아 : 피어슨. 633쪽.</li>
	<li>오픈스택스. (2019). 대학 물리학 Vol. 2. [웹 버전]. pp 125 원본 주소 <a href="https://openstax.org/books/college-physics/pages/15-2-the-first-law-of-thermodynamics-and-some-simple-processes">https://openstax.org/books/college-physics/pages/15-2-the-first-law-of-thermodynamics-and-some-simple-processes</a></li>
</ol>

순환 과정 및 격리 시스템

열교환과 일이 전혀 없는 열역학 시스템은 고립계입니다. 이러한 시스템의 경우 내부 에너지는 일정하게 유지됩니다.

비고립계의 경우, 과정이 순환하는 경우에만 내부 에너지의 변화는 0입니다. 시스템이 일련의 변화를 겪고 초기 상태로 돌아가는 경우 열역학적 과정은 순환적인 것으로 간주됩니다. 

4단계 과정을 거쳐 초기 상태로 돌아가는 순환 과정을 생각해 보세요. 각 경로를 따른 열 전달은 40J, 80J, 20J, 100J입니다. 이 과정에서 수행된 알짜 작업은 무엇입니까?

알려진 양은 각 단계의 열 전달입니다. 알 수 없는 수량은 이 순환 과정에 대해 수행된 순 작업량입니다.

열역학 제1법칙에 따르면 시스템의 내부 에너지 변화는 시스템으로의 순 열 전달과 시스템이 수행한 순 일의 차이입니다. 내부 에너지의 변화가 0이므로 수행된 순 일의 양은 순 열 전달과 같습니다. 순 열 전달은 각 경로에 대한 열 전달의 합으로 40J입니다. 따라서 수행된 순 일은 40J입니다.

순 긍정적인 작업은 시스템에서 수행된 작업이 시스템에서 수행된 작업보다 크다는 것을 의미합니다. 시스템에 공급된 열 에너지는 시스템이 외부 작업을 수행하는 데 사용됩니다.

열 교환과 작동이 없는 열역학 시스템은 고립된 시스템입니다. 이러한 시스템의 경우 내부 에너지가 일정하게 유지됩니다.
의 경우 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

물리학

Unit 1

제1단원

The First Law of Thermodynamics

열역학 제1법칙

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

net work in a cyclic thermodynamic process

A cyclic thermodynamic process returns a system to its initial state. In a cycle, the change in internal energy is zero. An isolated system is different because it has zero heat exchange and zero work, so its internal energy stays constant.

For a non-isolated system, the internal energy change is zero only when the process is cyclic. The first law of thermodynamics relates internal energy, heat transfer, and work. It states that the change in internal energy is the difference between the net heat transferred into the system and the net work done by the system.

The example here uses a four-step cyclic process. The heat transfer along the four paths is 40 J, -80 J, -20 J, and 100 J. The question is to find the net work done for the full cycle. The net heat transfer is the sum of the heat for each step, which is 40 J.

Because the process is cyclic, the change in internal energy is zero. That means the net work done equals the net heat transfer. So the net work done is 40 J. This positive value means the system does more work than work done on it. The heat energy supplied to the system is used to do external work.

Net Work in a Cyclic Thermodynamic Process

net-work-in-a-cyclic-thermodynamic-process

thermodynamic systems

Open, Closed, and Isolated Systems

A thermodynamic system is the part of the world that scientists study for its heat and energy behavior. It sits inside a surrounding environment, or surroundings. The system and the surroundings can exchange heat and do work across the boundary that separates them. The immediate surroundings affect the system most strongly because they interact with it directly. A kettle of boiling tea shows how this works in everyday life. The tea and the kettle together form the system. If the lid is open,...

work done during volume change

Gas Work in a Piston Cylinder

Gas work in a piston cylinder describes how pressure and volume change are related in thermodynamics. In mechanics, work happens when a force moves an object. In thermodynamics, work done on a system can be estimated when the system changes volume during a process. A gas can be trapped in a cylinder with a movable piston at one end. When the gas expands from volume V1 to volume V2, it pushes on the piston and moves it by a small distance dr. If the pressure on the piston face is p and the...

path between thermodynamics states

Path Dependence in Gas Work

Work done by an ideal gas can depend on the path it takes between two thermodynamic states. The transcript compares two routes from state A to state C for the same gas. In both cases, the gas expands from volume V1 to volume V2, but the work is not the same. Along path AC, the gas stays at constant temperature T. It expands from V1 to V2. The work done by the gas is found from the pressure-volume relation for an ideal gas. After substituting pressure as nRT/V and integrating, the work for this...

heat and free expansion

Two Gas Paths to the Same Volume

Heat added to a thermodynamic system can lead to the same final state through different paths. The path matters because work and heat depend not only on the initial and final states, but also on the steps in between. In this topic, an ideal gas is used to show two different ways to reach the same volume. In the first case, the gas is in a cylinder with a piston and is heated at a constant temperature. As the gas molecules absorb energy, the gas expands slowly in a controlled isothermal process.

internal energy

How Internal Energy Changes in Gas Systems

Internal energy is the energy stored inside a thermodynamic system. It is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules or other particles in the system. Molecular kinetic energy includes translational motion, rotation, and vibration. Molecular potential energy comes from interactions between molecules. A system’s location and overall motion do not affect its internal energy. For an ideal monatomic gas, each particle is a single atom. That means there is no rotational or...

first law of thermodynamics

Heat, Work, and Internal Energy

Heat, work, and internal energy are linked by the first law of thermodynamics. This law is a generalized form of energy conservation. It explains how energy changes when heat is added to or removed from a system, and when the system does work or has work done on it. The change in internal energy equals the heat transferred into the system minus the work done by the system. Added heat increases internal energy. For that reason, heat is taken as positive when it enters the system and negative...

first law of thermodynamics: problem-solving

first-law-of-thermodynamics-problem-solving

First Law of Thermodynamics: Solving Problems

The first law of thermodynamics links internal energy, heat, and work. It states that the change in internal energy of a system equals the net heat transfer into the system minus the net work done by the system. This is a general form of energy conservation, and it can be used for any thermodynamic process. To solve a first-law problem, start by identifying the thermodynamic system. Then list the initial and final states of the process. Next, identify the known and unknown quantities. It is...

cyclic processes and isolated systems

A cyclic thermodynamic process returns a system to its initial state. In a cycle, the change in internal energy is zero. An isolated system is different because it has zero heat exchange and zero work, so its internal energy stays constant. For a non-isolated system, the internal energy change is zero only when the process is cyclic. The first law of thermodynamics relates internal energy, heat transfer, and work. It states that the change in internal energy is the difference between the net...

isothermal processes

Isothermal Expansion and Heat Transfer

An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process that happens at constant temperature. During the process, heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system so thermal equilibrium is maintained. Phase changes are common examples of isothermal processes. Water can evaporate into steam at a constant temperature, and water can also freeze into ice at a constant temperature. An ideal gas can also undergo isothermal expansion or compression. Here, an ideal gas in an isolated cylinder expands...

isochoric and isobaric processes

Constant Volume and Pressure in Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic processes can happen at constant volume or at constant pressure. An isochoric process is a constant-volume process. In this case, the volume does not change, so the work done by the system is zero. The first law of thermodynamics still applies, so any heat added or removed changes the internal energy of the system only. A simple example is heating 1000 g of water from 40 degrees celsius to 70 degrees celsius at constant volume. Because the process is isochoric, no work is done by...

heat capacities of an ideal gas i

Ideal Gas Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure

Heat capacity describes how much heat a substance absorbs for a given change in temperature. It is also called thermal capacity, and its SI unit is J/K. Specific heat capacity is the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K, and its SI unit is J/kg·K. The video also explains molar heat capacity. This is the amount of heat added or removed to change the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by 1 K. It can be measured at constant volume or constant pressure, and it is...

heat capacities of an ideal gas ii

Ideal Gas Heat Capacity Differences

Ideal gas heat capacities depend on whether the gas is heated at constant volume or constant pressure. At constant volume, the heat absorbed only raises the internal energy of the system. No work is done in this case. At constant pressure, the situation is different. The heat absorbed increases the internal energy and also does work. Molar heat capacity is the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 mole of gas by 1 unit. Because some of the added heat goes into work, more heat is needed at...

heat capacities of an ideal gas iii

Ideal Gas Heat Capacity and Degrees of Freedom

Ideal gas heat capacity depends on degrees of freedom, which are the independent ways a gas molecule can move, rotate, and vibrate. If d is the number of degrees of freedom, the molar heat capacity at constant volume can be written in terms of d. The molar heat capacity at constant pressure can also be written using the relationship between the two heat capacities. The ratio of molar heat capacity at constant pressure to molar heat capacity at constant volume is called the ratio of heat...

adiabatic processes for an ideal gas

Gas Temperature Changes in Adiabatic Processes

Adiabatic processes change the temperature of an ideal gas without heat transfer. In an adiabatic compression, no heat is added, but work is done on the gas. That work raises the gas temperature. In an adiabatic expansion, the gas does work and its temperature drops. A common example is the compression of a gas-air mixture inside a car engine cylinder. The compression happens so quickly that there is no time for heat to move between the mixture and its surroundings. Even so, the work done on...

pressure and volume in an adiabatic process

pressure-and-volume-in-an-adiabatic-process

Free Expansion: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature

Free expansion shows how pressure, volume, and temperature behave when a gas expands without doing work. It is an adiabatic process, but it is not the same as adiabatic expansion. In free expansion, no work is done and the internal energy does not change. In adiabatic expansion, work is done and the internal energy changes. For an adiabatic process, the pressure-volume relation comes from the adiabatic condition. That relation does not apply to free expansion, even though the expansion is...

work done in an adiabatic process

Adiabatic Compression in an Engine Cylinder

Adiabatic compression in an engine cylinder changes the pressure, temperature, and volume of a gas-air mixture. In this setup, gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder when the piston is in its expanded position. The mixture starts at 20 °C, 1.00 x 10^5 N/m^2, and 240 cm^3. The mixture is then compressed adiabatically to 40 cm^3. Adiabatic means no heat is exchanged with the surroundings during the process. For this calculation, the compression is treated as quasi-static, even though real...

thermodynamic potentials

Energy Forms in Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic potentials are energy-based state functions used to analyze a thermodynamic system. They help describe how a system changes under different conditions. The four main thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These potentials can be written using two of the variables pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. In each case, the rate of change of the potential with respect to the other two variables gives useful...

maxwell's thermodynamic relations

Using Maxwell's Relations in Thermodynamics

Maxwell's thermodynamic relations help solve problems in thermodynamics. They connect partial differentials for quantities that are hard to measure in the lab with quantities that are easier to measure. This makes them useful for working with temperature, pressure, volume, and entropy. These relations come from thermodynamic potentials and the symmetry of second derivatives. Thermodynamic potentials are exact differentials, so the order of second differentiation does not change the result.

joule-thomson effect

Gas Cooling and Heating in Throttling

Gas cooling and heating in throttling is explained by the Joule-Thomson effect, also called the Joule-Kelvin effect. It describes how a fluid changes temperature when it passes through a valve or porous plug in a thermally insulated system. This type of flow is called a throttling process. In the experiment, a high-pressure gas is forced through a throttle valve or porous plug into a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it moves into the larger volume. Work is done on the gas as it is...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the first law of thermodynamics applies to a cyclic process and how to find net work from heat transfer when internal energy stays constant.

Net Work in a Cyclic Thermodynamic Process | JoVE K12

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HS-PS3-1

Arizona Science Standards

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New York State Science Learning Standards

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2 Looking at data and empirical evidence to understand phenomena or solve problems
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Net Work in a Cyclic Thermodynamic Process

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