Name: translation: mrna to protein
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB2.a

Translation

번역(translation)은 전령 RNA 주형(template)에서 단백질을 합성하는 과정입니다.
이 과정은 메티오닌 tRNA와 개시 인자(initiation factor)가 있는 복합체에서 리보솜의 작은 소단위(subunit)가 mRNA의 5개 프라임 말단에 결합할 때 시작됩니다. 이 복합체는 번역 시작 부위 역할을 하는 AUG 코돈(codon)을 만날 때까지 5 프라임에서 3 프라임 방향으로 mRNA를 스캔합니다.
다음으로, 메티오닌 tRNA는 AUG 코돈과 쌍을 이루어 리보솜의 큰 소단위체를 모집합니다. 새로운 단백질의 합성은 아미노산을 운반하는 tRNA가 안티코돈을 통해 mRNA의 다음 코돈에 결합할 때 시작됩니다.
이 작용은 새로운 아미노산을 이전에 통합된 아미노산에 가깝게 만들고 두 아미노산 사이에 펩타이드 결합을 형성합니다.
번역은 리보솜이 염기서열에서 다음 코돈으로 이동함에 따라 계속됩니다. 이러한 전진 이동을 전좌(translocation)라고 하며 리보솜이 정지 코돈(stop codon)을 만날 때까지 계속됩니다.
정지 코돈은 tRNA가 없다는 점에서 독특합니다. 대신, 방출 인자(release factor)라고 불리는 단백질이 정지 코돈(stop codon)에 결합하여 리보솜이 새로 합성된 단백질을 방출하도록 유도하고 리보솜이 해리되도록 합니다.

번역

번역은 메신저 RNA(mRNA)가 전달하는 유전 정보로부터 단백질을 합성하는 과정입니다. 전사 후, 이는 유전자 발현의 마지막 단계를 구성합니다. 이 과정은 리보솜, 단백질 복합체 및 특수 RNA 분자에 의해 수행됩니다. 리보솜, 전달 RNA(tRNA) 및 기타 단백질은 번역의 최종 산물로 아미노산 사슬인 폴리펩티드를 생성합니다.

번역은 삶의 구성 요소를 생산합니다

단백질은 근육 섬유부터 머리털, 면역 체계의 구성 요소에 이르기까지 모든 유기체의 대다수를 구성하기 때문에 생명의 구성 요소라고 불리며, 이러한 각 단백질의 청사진은 단백질에서 발견되는 유전자에 의해 암호화됩니다. 모든 세포의 DNA. 생물학의 중심 교리는 유전 정보가 전사 및 번역 과정을 통해 기능성 단백질로 변환된다는 것을 나타냅니다.

번역은 핵 외부에서 발생합니다.

진핵생물은 DNA로부터 mRNA가 전사되는 막으로 둘러싸인 핵을 가지고 있습니다. 전사 후 mRNA는 핵 밖으로 이동하여 아미노산 사슬(폴리펩타이드)로 번역되고 결국 기능성 단백질로 번역됩니다. 이것은 폴리펩타이드가 추가로 변형되는 세포질이나 거친 소포체에서 일어날 수 있습니다. 대조적으로, 원핵생물에는 핵 구획이 없기 때문에 원핵생물의 번역은 mRNA가 여전히 전사되는 동안 세포질에서 일어납니다.

mRNA의 코돈 서열이 폴리펩티드 서열을 결정합니다

mRNA의 각 코돈은 세포가 저장하는 20개의 아미노산 중 하나에 해당할 뿐만 아니라 아미노산을 코딩하지 않는 정지 코돈에도 해당합니다. 또 다른 RNA 분자인 전달 RNA(tRNA)는 번역 중에 코돈 서열을 기반으로 올바른 아미노산을 리보솜에 제공하는 역할을 합니다. tRNA 분자의 한쪽 끝에는 아미노아실-tRNA 합성효소라고 불리는 효소가 특정 아미노산을 부착 부위에 공유 결합시키는 반면, tRNA의 다른 쪽 끝에 위치한 안티코돈 서열은 올바른 아미노산이 리보솜으로 전달되도록 보장합니다. 일부 tRNA 분자는 하나 이상의 코돈 서열에 결합할 수 있어 워블 효과로 알려진 코딩 다양성을 허용합니다. 이는 tRNA 분자가 처음 두 뉴클레오티드에 비해 mRNA 코돈 서열의 세 번째 뉴클레오티드에 대한 결합 특이성이 더 낮다는 사실에 기인합니다.

일부 유전병은 번역의 결함으로 인해 발생합니다

번역은 다양한 세포 구성 요소에 의존하는 복잡한 과정입니다. 이 다양한 툴킷의 일부에 영향을 미치는 돌연변이는 질병을 일으킬 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 백내장 증후군으로도 알려진 철 저장 질환인 고페리틴혈증은 번역 개시 단백질을 모집하는 데 중요한 영역인 mRNA의 5' 비번역 영역의 돌연변이로 인해 발생합니다. 이러한 돌연변이는 철 단백질 페리틴의 비정상적으로 높은 번역 속도를 유발하여 영향을 받은 환자의 혈액과 조직에 축적되도록 합니다. 결과적으로 눈의 수정체가 흐려집니다. 다른 질병은 tRNA와 리보솜 하위 단위를 암호화하는 유전자의 돌연변이와 관련이 있습니다. 예를 들어, 골수 질환인 다이아몬드-블랙팬 빈혈은 작은 리보솜 하위 단위의 구성 요소인 RPS19 유전자의 돌연변이로 인해 발생합니다.

번역(translation)은 전령 RNA(messenger RNA, mRNA)가 전달하는 유전 정보로부터 단백질을 합성하는 과정입니다. 전사 후, 그것은 구성합니다 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

해부학 및 생리학

Unit 1

제1단원

Essential Cellular Processes

필수 세포 과정

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

translation: mrna to protein

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids.

This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which is the start of a protein.

Translation is a key part of how cells use genetic information. It connects the message in mRNA to the final protein product. Understanding translation helps explain how genes lead to the molecules that cells need to function.

Translation: mRNA to Protein

the central dogma

Central Dogma: DNA to Protein

The central dogma explains how genetic information flows in cells from DNA to RNA to protein. It is a core idea in molecular biology and helps show how genes influence cell function. DNA stores the instructions. During transcription, a cell copies a gene into RNA, which is a related nucleic acid. That RNA message can then be used in translation to build a protein. Proteins carry out many jobs in cells and help determine traits. The central dogma links the genetic code in DNA to the molecules...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying at the Replication Fork

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types of rna

RNA Types in Gene Expression

RNA types play different roles in gene expression. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, helps carry and use genetic information in cells. The main types discussed here are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. The ribosome is the site where proteins are made. Ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, is a key part of the ribosome itself. Transfer RNA, or tRNA, brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome during protein building. These...

transcription

Transcription and RNA Synthesis

Transcription is the process of making RNA from a DNA template. It is a key step in gene expression, because cells use the DNA sequence to build an RNA copy that can carry the message forward. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and reads one strand as the template. The enzyme links RNA nucleotides together in the correct order to form a growing RNA molecule. This copying step does not make DNA; it produces RNA. The transcript focuses on the central idea of transcription as DNA...

translation

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids. This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which...

regulation of expression at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-at-multiple-steps

How Cells Control Gene Expression

Cells control gene expression at several stages, from making RNA to building protein. These checkpoints include transcription, RNA processing, RNA localization, and translation. Together, they help decide when a gene is used and whether a protein is made. Transcription is controlled by regulatory proteins. Transcription factors, activators, and repressors can start or slow the transcription of genes. After transcription, the cell makes a precursor RNA, also called pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be...

what is the cell cycle?

Cell Cycle Stages in Cell Growth

The cell cycle is the process that controls cell growth and division. It explains how one cell makes two new cells. This process helps cells grow and reproduce.

interphase

Interphase and Cell Growth

Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when a cell grows and prepares to divide. It is a major stage of the cell cycle, and it comes before cell division begins. During interphase, the cell carries out its normal functions. It also copies its DNA so each new cell can receive a full set of genetic material. The cell may also build up the materials it needs for division. Interphase is not a single step. It includes phases such as G1, S, and G2, which help the cell grow, copy DNA, and get...

mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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the cell cycle control system

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cyclin Control

The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints that help a cell move from one phase to the next and begin mitosis. This control system uses internal regulatory molecules and outside signals to send stop or advance instructions. It makes sure each step is finished before the cell moves forward. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, are the main regulators of the cell cycle. They act during the G1, G2, and M phases. These regulators work at specific checkpoints to keep cell division...

molecular factors affecting cell division

molecular-factors-affecting-cell-division

Cell Cycle Regulators That Control Division

Cell division is controlled by outside signals and by internal cell cycle regulators. Nearby cell death can encourage division, and human growth hormone (hGH) can also promote it. In contrast, too little hGH or crowded cells can slow or stop division. Inside the cell, regulator molecules help each stage finish correctly before the next stage begins. Some regulators act directly on the cycle, while others affect the activity or production of other regulatory proteins. These molecules can either...

what is meiosis?

Meiosis and the Formation of Gametes

Meiosis is the cell division process that forms gametes, or sex cells. It reduces the chromosome number so offspring can inherit the correct amount of genetic material. This process includes two successive divisions. First, one cell divides, and then the resulting cells divide again. These steps separate the genetic material in a controlled way. Meiosis helps explain how sexual reproduction passes traits from one generation to the next. It is a key topic in high school biology because it...

overview of cell signaling

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell. A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process. Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes...

types of signaling molecules

Chemical Messengers in Cell Signaling

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g protein-coupled receptors

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cellular differentiation

From Stem Cell to Specialized Cells

Cellular differentiation turns unspecialized cells into specialized cells with specific jobs. This process helps a complex organism, such as a human, develop from a single fertilized egg into a body with many cell types. Nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells are examples of the final cell types that appear during development. A zygote is the first cell after fertilization. It is a totipotent stem cell, which means it has very high differentiation potential and can form all cell types...

key terms and concepts

Learn how translation uses mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA to build a polypeptide chain from amino acids and turn genetic information into protein.

Translation: mRNA to Protein | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

The Central Dogma

Replication in Eukaryotes

Types of RNA

Transcription

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. ...

Construct an explanation of how the structures of DNA and RNA lead to the expression of information within the cell via the processes of replication, transcription, and translation

What is Meiosis?

Meiosis I

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Meiosis II

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RNA Editing

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Mutations

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Construct an argument based on evidence to support the claim that inheritable genetic variations may result from:New genetic combinations through meiosis (crossing over, nondisjunction), Non-lethal errors occurring during replication (insertions, deletions, substitutions), Heritable mutations caused by environmental factors (radiation, chemicals, and viruses)

SB2.b

Transgenic Plants

Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically ...

Transgenic Organisms

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Testing For Genetically Modified Foods

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Genetic Engineering of Model Organisms

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Ask questions to gather and communicate information about the use and ethical considerations of biotechnology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture

SB2.c

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how genetic information is expressed in cells

Translation: mRNA to Protein

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