Name: cell cycle stages in cell growth
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 56 s
Channel: JoVE
Description: The cell cycle is the process that controls cell growth and division. It explains how one cell makes two new cells. This process helps cells grow and reproduce.

세포주기는 세포의 일반적인 생애 전반에 걸쳐 성장, DNA 복제, 때로는 더 많은 성장 및 분열을 포함하는 일련의 사건을 나타냅니다.
유성 생식 유기체의 경우, 생명은 수정란인 접합자(zygote)로 시작됩니다. 시간이 지남에 따라 원래의 단일 세포는 통제된 방식으로 성장하고 분열하여 다세포 복합체 개체를 생성합니다.
세포는 특히 노화가 진행되는 동안 조직을 유지하고 복구하기 위해 이 과정을 계속합니다.
대조적으로, 박테리아와 같은 단세포 유기체는 단순히 이분법을 통해 번식하기 위해 세포 분열에 의존합니다.
불행히도, 세포 분열을 확인하지 않고 방치하면 암이 발생하여 정상적인 과정을 조절하는 게놈 염기서열에 대한 통제력을 상실하게 됩니다.

세포 주기란 무엇입니까?

What is the Cell Cycle?

세포주기는 일반적인 세포의 수명 전반에 걸쳐 발생하는 일련의 사건을 나타냅니다. 진핵세포에서 체세포주기는 간기와 유사분열기의 두 단계로 구성됩니다. 간기 동안 세포는 성장하고 기본적인 대사 기능을 수행하며 DNA를 복사하고 유사분열 세포 분열을 준비합니다. 그런 다음 유사분열과 세포질 분열 동안 세포는 핵 물질과 세포질 물질을 각각 나눕니다. 이는 원래의 모세포와 동일한 두 개의 딸세포를 생성합니다. 세포주기는 유기체의 성장, 손상된 세포의 교체, 노화된 세포의 재생에 필수적입니다. 암은 유전자 돌연변이에 의해 촉발된 통제되지 않은 세포 분열의 결과입니다.

세포주기 체크포인트

진핵세포 주기에는 세 가지 주요 체크포인트가 있습니다. 각 체크포인트에서 조건이 더 좋아질 때까지 다음 세포 주기 단계로의 진행이 중단될 수 있습니다. G1 체크포인트는 세포의 크기, 에너지, 영양분, DNA 품질 및 기타 외부 요인을 평가하는 첫 번째 체크포인트입니다. 세포가 부적절하다고 판단되면 간기의 S 단계로 진행되지 않습니다. G2 체크포인트는 두 번째 체크포인트입니다. 여기서 세포는 모든 DNA가 복제되었고 유사분열에 들어가기 전에 손상되지 않았는지 확인합니다. 복구할 수 없는 DNA 손상이 발견된 경우 세포는 세포사멸 또는 프로그램된 세포사멸을 겪을 수 있습니다. M 또는 방추 검사점은 세포가 후기 단계로 들어가기 전에 모든 자매 염색체가 중기 판의 방추 미세소관에 올바르게 부착되었는지 확인합니다.

암: 세포 주기가 잘못될 때

세포 주기 체크포인트는 건강한 세포가 조절된 방식으로 세포 주기를 통해 이동하는지 확인합니다. 그러나 암세포는 종종 이러한 관문을 우회합니다. 확인되지 않은 세포 분열의 각 연속 라운드는 더 많은 손상된 딸 세포를 생성합니다. 또한 인체의 암세포는 정상 세포보다 훨씬 더 많이 분열할 수 있으며, 약 40~60회의 분열만 겪을 수 있습니다. 암세포는 일반적으로 세포 분열로 인해 발생하는 염색체 말단의 마모를 복구하는 효소인 텔로머라제를 발현합니다.

세포주기는 일반적인 세포의 수명 전반에 걸쳐 발생하는 일련의 사건을 나타냅니다. 진핵 세포에서 체세포 주기는 두 개의 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

해부학 및 생리학

Unit 1

제1단원

Essential Cellular Processes

필수 세포 과정

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

cell cycle stages in cell growth

The cell cycle is the process that controls cell growth and division. It explains how one cell makes two new cells. This process helps cells grow and reproduce.

Cell Cycle Stages in Cell Growth

the central dogma

Central Dogma: DNA to Protein

The central dogma explains how genetic information flows in cells from DNA to RNA to protein. It is a core idea in molecular biology and helps show how genes influence cell function. DNA stores the instructions. During transcription, a cell copies a gene into RNA, which is a related nucleic acid. That RNA message can then be used in translation to build a protein. Proteins carry out many jobs in cells and help determine traits. The central dogma links the genetic code in DNA to the molecules...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying at the Replication Fork

Eukaryotic DNA copying happens at replication forks, where the two DNA strands separate and new strands are built. This process lets a cell make an exact copy of its genetic material before it divides. The transcript explains that eukaryotic replication follows the same basic steps seen in other DNA replication systems, but it takes place in cells with a nucleus. The replication machinery works on each separated strand as a template, so the new DNA matches the original sequence. This topic is...

types of rna

RNA Types in Gene Expression

RNA types play different roles in gene expression. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, helps carry and use genetic information in cells. The main types discussed here are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. The ribosome is the site where proteins are made. Ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, is a key part of the ribosome itself. Transfer RNA, or tRNA, brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome during protein building. These...

transcription

Transcription and RNA Synthesis

Transcription is the process of making RNA from a DNA template. It is a key step in gene expression, because cells use the DNA sequence to build an RNA copy that can carry the message forward. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and reads one strand as the template. The enzyme links RNA nucleotides together in the correct order to form a growing RNA molecule. This copying step does not make DNA; it produces RNA. The transcript focuses on the central idea of transcription as DNA...

translation

Translation: mRNA to Protein

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids. This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which...

regulation of expression at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-at-multiple-steps

How Cells Control Gene Expression

Cells control gene expression at several stages, from making RNA to building protein. These checkpoints include transcription, RNA processing, RNA localization, and translation. Together, they help decide when a gene is used and whether a protein is made. Transcription is controlled by regulatory proteins. Transcription factors, activators, and repressors can start or slow the transcription of genes. After transcription, the cell makes a precursor RNA, also called pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be...

what is the cell cycle?

The cell cycle is the process that controls cell growth and division. It explains how one cell makes two new cells. This process helps cells grow and reproduce.

interphase

Interphase and Cell Growth

Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when a cell grows and prepares to divide. It is a major stage of the cell cycle, and it comes before cell division begins. During interphase, the cell carries out its normal functions. It also copies its DNA so each new cell can receive a full set of genetic material. The cell may also build up the materials it needs for division. Interphase is not a single step. It includes phases such as G1, S, and G2, which help the cell grow, copy DNA, and get...

mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cell division depends on mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is the stage when the cell’s nucleus divides and the copied chromosomes are separated into two sets. Cytokinesis is the step that follows and splits the cell into two daughter cells. These two processes work together to make sure each new cell receives genetic material and its own cytoplasm. Mitosis keeps the chromosome sets organized, while cytokinesis finishes the division of the whole cell. Together, they create two separate cells...

the cell cycle control system

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cyclin Control

The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints that help a cell move from one phase to the next and begin mitosis. This control system uses internal regulatory molecules and outside signals to send stop or advance instructions. It makes sure each step is finished before the cell moves forward. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, are the main regulators of the cell cycle. They act during the G1, G2, and M phases. These regulators work at specific checkpoints to keep cell division...

molecular factors affecting cell division

molecular-factors-affecting-cell-division

Cell Cycle Regulators That Control Division

Cell division is controlled by outside signals and by internal cell cycle regulators. Nearby cell death can encourage division, and human growth hormone (hGH) can also promote it. In contrast, too little hGH or crowded cells can slow or stop division. Inside the cell, regulator molecules help each stage finish correctly before the next stage begins. Some regulators act directly on the cycle, while others affect the activity or production of other regulatory proteins. These molecules can either...

what is meiosis?

Meiosis and the Formation of Gametes

Meiosis is the cell division process that forms gametes, or sex cells. It reduces the chromosome number so offspring can inherit the correct amount of genetic material. This process includes two successive divisions. First, one cell divides, and then the resulting cells divide again. These steps separate the genetic material in a controlled way. Meiosis helps explain how sexual reproduction passes traits from one generation to the next. It is a key topic in high school biology because it...

overview of cell signaling

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell. A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process. Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes...

types of signaling molecules

Chemical Messengers in Cell Signaling

Chemical messengers help cells communicate during signaling. These signaling molecules carry information from one cell to another and guide how cells respond. Some signaling molecules are gases, while others are proteins or peptides. Small lipids can also act as signals. In addition, cells may use steroids, amino acids, and even ions as signaling molecules. Each type of signaling molecule has different properties and works in a different way. Together, these molecules let cells send specific...

g protein-coupled receptors

G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling

G protein-coupled receptors are a major class of cell-surface receptors. They help cells detect signals outside the cell and pass that information inward. These receptors are important in many kinds of cell communication. When a signal binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, the receptor changes shape. That change activates a G protein inside the cell. The activated G protein can then start a signaling pathway. This signaling system includes the receptor, the G protein, and the downstream...

cellular differentiation

From Stem Cell to Specialized Cells

Cellular differentiation turns unspecialized cells into specialized cells with specific jobs. This process helps a complex organism, such as a human, develop from a single fertilized egg into a body with many cell types. Nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells are examples of the final cell types that appear during development. A zygote is the first cell after fertilization. It is a totipotent stem cell, which means it has very high differentiation potential and can form all cell types...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the cell cycle controls cell growth and division, and how one cell produces two new cells in a simple, student-friendly format.

Cell Cycle Stages in Cell Growth | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Cell Cycle Stages in Cell Growth

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