Name: sliding friction between moving surfaces
Uploaded: 2023-09-22T11:49:28.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

정지해 있는 자동차를 움직이려는 트럭을 생각해 보십시오. 트럭이 자동차를 당기려고 할 때 접촉면에서 정적 마찰이 발생합니다.
적용된 힘이 제한 정적 마찰력을 초과하면 계면의 마찰력이 운동 마찰력이라고 하는 더 작은 값으로 감소합니다. 그런 다음 자동차가 점점 더 빠른 속도로 미끄러지기 시작합니다.
운동 마찰력의 크기는 수직력에 비례하며, 비례 상수는 운동 마찰 계수입니다.
인터페이스의 지속적인 고장은 자동차의 움직임에 저항하는 운동 마찰을 생성하는 원인이 됩니다.
자동차의 속도가 증가함에 따라 처음에는 운동 마찰이 천천히 감소합니다. 그러나 더 높은 속도에서는 상당한 감소를 보입니다.
운동 마찰력과 그에 따른 수직력 사이의 각도는 운동 마찰의 각도입니다. 항상 최대 정적 마찰 각도보다 작거나 같습니다.
운동 마찰 계수는 표면의 상태와 두 표면 사이의 상대 속도에 따라 달라집니다.

<ol>
	<li>히벨러, R.C. (2016). 엔지니어링 역학: 정적. 14판, 뉴저지: 피어슨. 404쪽.</li>
	<li>Meriam, J.L., Kraige, L.G. 및 Bolten, J.N.(2016). Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics(정역학 및 동역학). 여덟 번째 판, 싱가포르 : John Wiley & Sons. 334-336쪽.</li>
</ol>

운동마찰

트럭이 정지해 있는 자동차를 끌어당기려고 하는 경우를 생각해 보세요. 트럭이 차에 힘을 가하면 두 표면 사이의 접점에서 정지 마찰이 발생합니다. 이 마찰력은 자동차의 움직임에 저항하고 정지 상태를 유지합니다. 그러나 트럭에 의해 가해지는 힘이 한계 정지 마찰력을 초과하면 흥미로운 현상이 발생합니다. 경계면에서의 마찰력은 운동 마찰력으로 알려진 더 낮은 값으로 감소합니다. 이 때 차는 미끄러지기 시작하고 속도는 증가합니다. 
운동마찰은 접촉한 두 물체가 움직이는 동안 상대적인 운동을 반대하는 힘입니다. 접촉면과 운동의 반대방향으로 평행하게 작용합니다. 트럭과 자동차의 예에서, 운동마찰은 자동차가 미끄러지기 시작할 때 운동에 저항하는 역할을 합니다. 
운동마찰력의 크기는 비례상수를 가진 물체에 작용하는 정상적인 힘에 정비례하며, 이는 접촉하는 표면의 특성과 조건에 따라 달라지는 무차원적인 양입니다.
자동차가 점점 더 빠른 속도로 미끄러지기 시작하면서 트럭과 자동차의 경계면은 계속해서 붕괴됩니다. 이 과정은 자동차의 운동에 반대하는 운동마찰을 발생시킵니다. 흥미롭게도, 운동마찰의 크기는 자동차의 속도가 증가함에 따라 일정하게 유지되지 않습니다. 처음에는 운동마찰이 천천히 감소하지만, 더 높은 속도에서는 더 큰 감소를 경험합니다.
운동마찰력과 그로 인한 정상력 사이의 각도를 운동마찰각이라고 합니다. 이 각도는 항상 최대 정지마찰각보다 작거나 같습니다. 특히 운동마찰각은 접촉하는 표면의 물질과 조건에 따라 달라집니다.
접촉면의 조건과 그 사이의 상대속도를 포함한 다양한 요인들이 운동마찰계수에 영향을 미칩니다. 거친 표면은 더 높은 운동마찰계수를 갖는 경향이 있고 매끄러운 표면은 더 낮은 값을 나타냅니다. 또한 윤활제나 오염물질은 표면 조건을 변화시킴으로써 운동마찰계수를 변화시킬 수 있습니다.

정지해 있는 차를 끌어당기려는 트럭을 생각해 보십시오. 트럭이 자동차에 힘을 가하면 자동차 사이의 접촉 지점에서 정적 마찰이 생성됩니다.

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Mechanical Engineering

기계공학

Unit 1

제1단원

Friction

마찰

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

Kinetic Friction

sliding friction between moving surfaces

Kinetic friction is the sliding friction that acts when two surfaces move against each other. It opposes relative motion and acts parallel to the contact surface, in the opposite direction of travel. In the truck and car example, the car first stays still because static friction holds it in place.

When the truck’s force becomes greater than the limiting static frictional force, the friction at the contact surface drops to a lower value. The car then begins to slide, and its speed increases. At that point, kinetic friction resists the motion of the sliding car.

The size of the kinetic frictional force depends on the normal force, which is the force pressing the surfaces together. It is proportional to that normal force through the coefficient of kinetic friction. This coefficient is a dimensionless value, and it depends on the materials and the condition of the surfaces in contact.

As the car keeps sliding, the interface between the truck and the car continues to break down. That breakdown helps produce kinetic friction. The force does not stay exactly constant as speed rises. It decreases slowly at first, then drops more at higher velocities.

The angle of kinetic friction is the angle between the kinetic friction force and the resultant normal force. It is always less than or equal to the maximum static friction angle. This angle also depends on the materials and surface conditions. Rougher surfaces usually have higher coefficients of kinetic friction, while smoother surfaces have lower values. Lubricants or contaminants can also change the coefficient by altering the surface conditions.

Sliding Friction Between Moving Surfaces

dry friction

Dry Friction in Crates and Everyday Motion

Dry friction appears when two solid surfaces touch and try to move past each other. Students can see it when they walk, slide a box across a table, or rub their hands together. Even though it is common, the forces behind it are not easy to see. A simple crate on a rough horizontal floor helps explain the idea. When an external force pushes the crate sideways, two main forces act on it. The normal force acts perpendicular to the surface and helps balance the crate’s weight, while the frictional...

static friction

Static Friction at the Point of Slip

Static friction is the force that keeps two surfaces from starting to slide past each other. It acts when there is a tendency for motion, but not yet actual slipping. This force helps explain everyday actions like walking on the ground and driving a car. A towing example shows how static friction changes as force is applied. A truck pulls a car with a rope, and the car stays still at first. The car is in static equilibrium, which means the forces on it are balanced. Gravity and the normal...

kinetic friction

Kinetic friction is the sliding friction that acts when two surfaces move against each other. It opposes relative motion and acts parallel to the contact surface, in the opposite direction of travel. In the truck and car example, the car first stays still because static friction holds it in place. When the truck’s force becomes greater than the limiting static frictional force, the friction at the contact surface drops to a lower value. The car then begins to slide, and its speed increases. At...

characteristics of dry friction

Static and Kinetic Dry Friction

Dry friction is the resistance between two solid surfaces that move against each other without lubrication or any fluid. A common example is a gardener pushing a wheelbarrow across the ground. The wheel and the ground create dry friction that slows the motion. Before the wheelbarrow starts to move, static friction acts at the contact surface. Static friction is the force that opposes motion before slipping begins, and it helps keep the wheelbarrow stable. It is present only when there is no...

types of friction problems

Dry Friction in Crate, Ladder, and Frame Problems

Dry friction problems often focus on crates, ladders, and frames that are close to slipping. Dry friction is the force that resists relative motion, or the tendency for motion, between two surfaces in contact. In many physics and engineering problems, this force helps keep an object still or defines the point where motion is about to begin. One common case has no clear impending motion. A force may be applied to a crate, but the crate stays at rest. The friction force between the floor and the...

friction: problem solving

Friction on a Banked Road

Friction on a banked road affects whether a bus stays steady while it moves at constant speed. In this problem, a bus with a mass of three megagrams travels on a sloped road. The coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road is 0.5. The goal is to find the maximum bank angle where the bus will not slip or tip. To solve the motion part, the forces on the bus must be shown first. These include gravity, the normal force, and friction. The normal force is the push from the road,...

wedges

Wedges and Self-Locking Stability

A wedge is a simple machine that can lift, support, and split heavy objects. It can also change the height of structural or mechanical parts. Because it amplifies force, a wedge makes it easier to move or hold large loads with less effort. One example is lifting a heavy slab. In that case, the wedge turns the applied force into a much larger force that acts almost perpendicular to the original push. That force change helps raise the load without requiring a large input force. To analyze wedge...

frictional forces on screws

Square-Thread Screw Mechanics and Friction

Square-threaded screws use a helical thread to turn force into lifting motion. They are common fasteners, but they are also useful for transmitting power and motion in machines. A jack with a square-threaded screw lifts heavy loads when force is applied at the handle and the screw turns. A screw can be viewed as a cylindrical shaft with an inclined square ridge wrapped around it. The distance between two neighboring threads is called the pitch. The lead is the distance the screw advances in...

upward impending motion

Screw Jack Force and Friction Analysis

A square-threaded screw jack lifts heavy loads by turning handle force into a twisting moment. Its upward motion depends on overcoming static friction between the screw threads and the jack. To study this motion, the thread can be treated as if it were a block on the groove of the jack after the thread is completely unraveled. A free-body diagram helps show the forces acting on this simplified system. The force at the handle creates a horizontal force that pushes the movable thread up the...

self-locking screw

Screw Jack Self-Locking Behavior

A square-threaded screw jack can hold a heavy load because of its self-locking behavior. This feature makes the device more reliable when it is used to lift large weights or apply a strong force. If the screw keeps its position after the turning moment is removed, the jack is self-locking. Self-locking happens because friction changes the way the forces act on the thread. The friction force reverses direction, and the reaction force moves to the other side of the thread’s normal. In this case,...

screw: problem solving

Screw Torque and Self-Locking

Screw torque and self-locking are analyzed by looking at a threaded screw shaft and a plate gear. The shaft has a mean radius and a lead. The plate gear also has a mean radius. The coefficient of static friction between the screw and the gear is part of the setup. The first step is to find the static friction angle, φ. This angle is defined by the coefficient of static friction. Next, the lead angle is calculated from the lead and the mean radius of the shaft. It gives the screw geometry...

frictional forces on flat belts

Flat Belt Tension and Friction

Flat belt tension and friction control how power moves from one pulley to another. Flat belts are used in many industrial systems to transmit power between pulleys. As the belt wraps around the pulleys, the tension changes because of friction between the belt and the pulley surface. When a pulley turns counterclockwise, the belt side moving away from the pulley has the higher tension, called T2. The side moving toward the pulley has the lower tension, called T1. To estimate these tensions, the...

flat belts: problem solving

Flat Belt Forces and Pulley Moment

Flat belts transmit power from one pulley to another, and the forces on the belt help determine the moment on a pulley. In this example, a belt wraps around pulleys A and B, with radii of 30 cm and 10 cm. The belt meets the pulleys at a 20 degree angle from the horizontal, which sets up the force balance in the system. As pulley B rotates clockwise, it drives pulley A. That motion creates tension T2 on one side of the belt and tension T1 on the other side. The belt-to-surface contact angle, β,...

pivot bearings

Axial Load Support in Pivot Bearings

Pivot bearings support axial loads on a rotating shaft. A bearing helps two parts move relative to each other while reducing friction and wear. In this design, the pivot is placed at the end of the shaft to carry the axial thrust. The pivot surface can be flat, conical, or truncated, depending on the application. In a flat pivot bearing, the axial load is spread over the bearing area. The pressure is uniform and can be found by dividing the load by the area. To study the forces more closely,...

collar bearings

Friction Torque in Collar Bearings

Collar bearings support axial loads on rotating shafts, and their friction helps determine the torque needed to start motion. They are used in many machines and may have a single collar or multiple collars, depending on the application and load needs. For a single collar bearing under an axial load, the contact area is the ring-shaped region between the external radius and the internal radius of the collar. If the bearing is assumed to support the load evenly, the uniform normal pressure is...

journal bearings

Friction Moment in Journal Bearings

Journal bearings support rotating shafts and axles while helping keep them stable. They are used in machines such as engines, turbines, and pumps. Their job is to reduce friction, wear, and vibration. A journal bearing works by keeping a thin film of lubricant between the bearing surface and the rotating shaft. This film limits direct contact and lowers frictional force. The video uses a rope winch with dry or only partly lubricated journal bearings to show the idea. As the spool turns...

bearings: problem solving

Double-Collar Bearing Torque Calculations

Double-collar bearing torque calculations show how friction and axial force affect bearing performance. Engineers use these calculations to test whether the bearing can handle the forces and moments it experiences during operation. This helps them choose and design bearings for specific applications and setups. For a double-collar bearing with set dimensions and an axial force applied, the maximum frictional moment can be found with a standard expression. The equation is rearranged, and the...

rolling resistance

Tire Deformation and Rolling Resistance

Tire deformation and rolling resistance explain why a rolling wheel still needs a driving force. When a solid cylinder or tire rolls on a rigid surface, the normal force is perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. But real materials are not perfectly rigid, so the surface pushes back with a spread of normal pressures instead of one single force. A hard cylinder on a softer surface compresses the material under it. As the cylinder moves forward, the material in front of the contact...

rolling resistance: problem solving

Lawn Roller Force Calculation

Rolling resistance is the force that makes a rolling object harder to move across a surface. It is also called rolling friction. It comes from deformation in the object and the surface that touch each other. Internal friction, hysteresis, and other energy losses in the materials also play a role. Because of this force, extra energy is needed to keep a wheel, tire, or ball moving. The video applies this idea to a lawn roller. The roller has a mass of 100 kg, a radius of 25 cm, and a coefficient...

key terms and concepts

Learn how kinetic friction acts during sliding motion, why it changes as surfaces move, and how surface type, normal force, and lubrication affect it.

Sliding Friction Between Moving Surfaces | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Mechanical Engineering offers concise, easy-to-understand animated videos covering key topics such as equilibrium, forces, truss analysis, and structural mechanics. Explore their real-world applications, and witness these concepts in action through scientist-led experiments.

mechanical engineering

Sliding Friction Between Moving Surfaces

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