Name: atomic emission spectroscopy for element analysis
Uploaded: 2024-12-05T18:32:15.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Space Systems

3.3.9-12.C

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

원자 방출 분광법(AES)을 사용하면 시료에서 다중 원소 분석이 가능하며, 여기서 모든 분석물은 전기 방전, 화염 또는 플라즈마에 의해 동시에 여기될 수 있습니다.
AES에서 여기 상태 원자는 이완되어 특징적인 방출을 제공하고 방출 강도는 여기 상태 인구에 정비례합니다.
여기 상태 원자의 상당한 집단은 고온 아르곤 플라즈마를 사용하여 달성됩니다.
아르곤 플라즈마(아르곤 이온과 전자의 뜨겁고 전기 전도성 기체 혼합물)는 흐르는 아르곤 흐름을 이온화하여 생성됩니다. 플라즈마는 추가 이온화를 위해 최적의 온도를 유지하는 전원 공급 장치에 의해 무기한 유지됩니다. 
유도 결합 플라즈마 또는 ICP라고 하는 무선 주파수 기반 플라즈마 소스는 최대 10,000K의 온도에 도달할 수 있습니다. 일반적으로 ICP-AES 또는 ICP-OES라고 하는 AES에서 널리 사용되는 여기 소스입니다.
다른 플라즈마 소스에는 마이크로파 유도 플라즈마, 직류 플라즈마, 마이크로 플라즈마 및 레이저 유도 플라즈마가 포함됩니다.

원자 방출 분광학: 개요

원자 방출 분광법(AES)은 여기된 원자에서 방출되는 빛을 분석하여 표본의 원소 구성을 결정하는 데 사용되는 분석 기술입니다. AES에서 표본의 원자는 플라즈마, 아크 또는 스파크와 같은 고온 소스의 열 에너지에 의해 더 높은 에너지 수준으로 여기됩니다. 여기된 원자가 더 낮은 에너지 상태로 되돌아오면 각 원소의 특징적인 특정 파장의 빛을 방출합니다. 이러한 파장에 해당하는 개별 선으로 구성된 결과적인 원자 방출 스펙트럼을 통해 표본 내의 다양한 원소를 식별하고 정량화할 수 있습니다.

AES 계측은 원자 흡수 분광계와 유사점을 공유하지만 방출 감지를 위한 특정 적응이 있습니다. 고온 소스, 특히 유도 결합 플라즈마(ICP)는 원자를 방출 상태로 여기시키는 데 충분한 에너지를 얻기 때문에 AES에 필수적입니다. 다른 플라즈마 소스로는 마이크로파 유도 플라즈마(MIP)와 직류 플라즈마(DCP)가 있습니다. 가장 널리 사용되는 광원인 ICP는 최대 10,000K의 온도에 도달하여 일관된 여기 및 방출을 위한 안정적인 환경을 조성합니다. ICP-OES(광 방출 분광법)라고도 알려진 ICP-AES를 사용하면 방출원 주위에 반원형 배열로 여러 검출기를 배치하여 다양한 파장에 걸쳐 동시에 판독값을 캡처함으로써 다중 원소 분석이 가능합니다.

AES는 화염 및 전열 기술과 같은 전통적인 원자 흡수 방법에 비해 몇 가지 장점을 제공합니다. 복잡한 분자를 분리하는 고온 소스로 인해 AES는 화학적 간섭에 덜 민감하므로 더 깨끗한 스펙트럼 판독이 가능합니다. 이 기술을 사용하면 동시 다원소 분석이 가능해 분석 효율성이 크게 향상됩니다. 또한 AES는 더 넓은 농도 범위를 포괄하므로 다양한 시료 유형에 적합합니다.

이러한 장점에도 불구하고 AES에는 한계가 있습니다. 고온 소스에서 생성된 복잡한 스펙트럼은 스펙트럼 간섭 가능성을 높여 정량 분석을 복잡하게 만듭니다. 이러한 과제를 해결하기 위해 AES 장비에는 원자 흡수 분광법에 사용되는 것보다 더 비싼 고해상도 광학 시스템이 필요합니다. 또한 AES는 다중 원소 분석에 강력하지만 원자 흡수 기술은 단순성, 비용 효율성 및 정밀도로 인해 단일 원소 분석에 여전히 유용합니다.

AES는 금속, 미량 원소 및 기타 무기 물질을 분석하기 위해 환경 모니터링, 재료 과학 및 임상 실험실에서 널리 사용됩니다. 신속한 다원소 분석을 수행하는 능력 덕분에 AES는 토양, 물 및 생물학적 시료를 테스트하는 데 특히 유용합니다. AES 기기의 높은 감도와 광범위한 원소 범위는 미량 농도와 유의미한 농도 모두에서 정확한 측정을 가능하게 하여 다양한 과학 분야의 원소 분석을 위한 다목적 도구가 됩니다.

AES에서 정량적 분석은 여기된 원자의 수에 비례하는 방출된 빛의 강도를 측정하는 데 의존합니다. 볼츠만 분포에 따르면, 이 여기 상태 밀도는 여기 소스의 온도에 따라 달라지며, 온도가 높을수록 더 많은 방출이 발생합니다. 종종 여러 자릿수에 걸쳐 선형인 교정 곡선은 알려진 표준을 분석하여 방출 강도와 원소 농도의 상관 관계를 분석하여 생성됩니다. 표준화 기술은 여기 효율 및 기타 도구 요인의 변화를 제어하여 다양한 표본의 원소를 정확하게 정량화하는 데 중요합니다.

원자 방출 분광법(AES)은 에서 방출되는 빛을 분석하여 샘플의 원소 조성을 결정하는 데 사용되는 분석 기술입니다.

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

분석 화학

Unit 1

제1단원

Atomic Spectroscopy

원자 분광법

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

atomic emission spectroscopy for element analysis

Atomic emission spectroscopy is used to identify the elements in a sample by measuring the light they emit. Atoms are first excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from hot sources such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When they fall back to lower energy levels, they give off light at specific wavelengths. Each element produces its own set of lines, so the emission spectrum can show both what is present and how much is there.

AES instruments are similar to atomic absorption spectrometers, but they are built to detect emitted light. High-temperature sources are essential because they provide enough energy to excite atoms into their emission states. Inductively coupled plasma, or ICP, is the most widely used source. It can reach temperatures up to 10,000 K and creates a stable environment for steady excitation and emission. Other plasma sources used in AES include microwave-induced plasma, or MIP, and direct current plasma, or DCP.

ICP-AES is also called ICP-OES, which stands for optical emission spectrometry. This setup allows multielement analysis by placing multiple detectors in a semicircular array around the emission source. The detectors can record several wavelengths at the same time. That makes the method fast and useful when more than one element must be measured in the same sample.

AES has several advantages over traditional atomic absorption methods such as flame and electrothermal techniques. The high-temperature source helps break apart complex molecules, so chemical interferences are usually lower. The method also supports simultaneous multielement analysis, which improves efficiency. In addition, AES covers a wider concentration range, so it works with many different sample types.

The technique also has limits. High-temperature sources create complex spectra, which increases the chance of spectral interferences and can make quantitative analysis harder. AES instruments need high-resolution optical systems to separate the lines clearly, and these systems are often more expensive than those used in atomic absorption spectrometry. For single-element analysis, atomic absorption methods are still useful because they are simple, cost-effective, and precise.

AES is widely used in environmental monitoring, materials science, and clinical laboratories. It can analyze metals, trace elements, and other inorganic substances in soil, water, and biological samples. This makes it valuable for rapid testing across many scientific fields. The method is sensitive and can measure both trace and significant concentrations.

Quantitative AES depends on the intensity of the emitted light. That intensity is related to the number of atoms in the excited state. According to the Boltzmann distribution, this excited-state population depends on the temperature of the source, so higher temperatures produce more emission. To find concentration, scientists use calibration curves made from known standards, and they apply standardization methods to reduce the effects of changes in excitation efficiency and other instrument factors.

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Element Analysis

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-for-element-analysis

atomic spectroscopy: absorption, emission, and fluorescence

atomic-spectroscopy-absorption-emission-and-fluorescence

Element Analysis with Atomic Light Spectra

Atomic spectroscopy is used to identify and measure elements by their light signals. It supports both qualitative analysis, which tells what is present, and quantitative analysis, which tells how much is present. The optical methods in this group are atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. These methods begin with atomization. In this step, a solid, liquid, or solution sample is changed into gas-phase atoms and ions. Once the sample...

atomic spectroscopy: effects of temperature

atomic-spectroscopy-effects-of-temperature

How Heat Changes Atomic Spectra

Heat changes atomic spectra by affecting atomization, excitation, ionization, and line shape. In atomic spectroscopy, atomization means converting a sample into gas-phase atoms and ions. The flame temperature needed for this step changes how efficiently the method works and shifts the balance between excited and ground-state atoms. At thermal equilibrium, the relative numbers of excited and ground-state atoms can be estimated with the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. A small temperature rise...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: overview

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for Trace Metals

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) measures trace metals by tracking how atoms absorb electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The absorbed light makes atoms move to a higher-energy orbit. In AAS, the key step is atomization, which converts the sample into gas-phase atoms. A flame or a furnace is typically used for this step. Inside the flame, some atoms become thermally excited. Most stay in the ground state, which is the lowest-energy state. These ground-state gas-phase atoms absorb EMR only when...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: instrumentation

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-instrumentation

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Key Parts

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry uses a set of key parts to measure light absorbed by atoms. The main components are a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. Each part has a specific job in the instrument. The radiation source is usually a hollow-cathode lamp, or HCL, or an electrodeless-discharge lamp, or EDL. Both produce a narrow emission line at the needed wavelength. Some instruments instead use continuum sources with high-resolution monochromators to narrow...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: radiation and light sources

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-radiation-and-light-sources

Choosing Light Sources for AAS Measurements

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) uses a light source that emits a very narrow range of wavelengths. This is needed because the source must match the absorption behavior of the analyte atom. The choice of source also depends on giving a precise, intense emission at the right wavelength for accurate detection. Two common line sources in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and electrodeless-discharge lamps (EDLs). These lamps are selected based on the element being analyzed and the level of...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: atomization methods

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-atomization-methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Sample Atomization

Atomic absorption spectroscopy uses sample atomization to turn a liquid specimen into free atoms for analysis. The two main approaches are flame atomization and electrothermal atomization. Both methods prepare the sample so its atoms can be measured by the instrument. Flame atomization uses a nebulizer and spray chamber to mix the sample with a fuel-oxidant mixture. This creates a fine aerosol mist that enters the burner. The fuel and oxidant are usually close to a stoichiometric ratio, but a...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: interference

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-interference

Correcting Errors in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Atomic absorption spectroscopy interference can create systematic error by making the analytical signal or the background look stronger or weaker than it should be. In atomic absorption measurements, these errors are usually grouped as spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference. Spectral interference happens when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, the substance being measured. This overlap can falsely raise or hide the analyte...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: lab

AAS Sample Prep and Calibration

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) depends on careful sample preparation and calibration. Samples must be turned into clear solutions before measurement. That often means extra treatment to dissolve materials such as soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common sample prep methods include hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, and fusion with reagents. These steps help make the sample suitable for AAS analysis. Solutions that contain organic...

atomic emission spectroscopy: overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy is used to identify the elements in a sample by measuring the light they emit. Atoms are first excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from hot sources such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When they fall back to lower energy levels, they give off light at specific wavelengths. Each element produces its own set of lines, so the emission spectrum can show both what is present and how much is there. AES instruments are similar to atomic absorption spectrometers,...

atomic emission spectroscopy: instrumentation

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-instrumentation

AES Sample Handling and Detection

Atomic emission spectrometry (AES) uses sample handling, atomization, and detection parts to measure emitted light from atoms and ions. The sample must first be changed into a gas-phase form so it can produce a measurable signal. AES uses two main atomizer types. Continuous atomizers, such as flames and plasmas, feed the sample in a steady stream. Discrete atomizers add one sample at a time with syringes or autosamplers. The electrothermal atomizer is the most common discrete type. Many...

atomic emission spectroscopy: interference

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-interference

Reducing Interference in AES Signals

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) can produce interfering signals when atoms and molecules in a flame or plasma emit overlapping light. High-temperature atomizers excite many species at once, including oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products. These extra emissions can make the analyte signal harder to read. Spectral interference happens when emission lines or bands overlap. One way to reduce it is to improve instrument resolution. Another is to choose a different emission line for...

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy: principle

inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy-principle

ICP-AES Torch and Sample Analysis

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy uses a plasma torch to analyze elements in a sample. This method is also called inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, or ICP-OES. It is widely used because the plasma creates a strong environment for elemental analysis. The ICP source, or torch, contains three concentric quartz tubes. Argon gas flows through the tubes. A spark from a Tesla coil starts the ionization of argon and creates a high-temperature plasma. The...

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy: instrumentation

inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy

ICP-AES Instrument Types and Detection

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, or ICP-AES, uses an inductively coupled plasma to detect and analyze elements in a sample. The method measures the light given off by atoms, which helps identify and compare different elements. It is a common approach in atomic emission spectroscopy. ICP-AES instruments are built in three main forms: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments. Fourier transform designs are less commonly used, but they are...

atomic emission spectroscopy: lab

Plasma Sources in Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Atomic emission spectroscopy uses plasma sources to identify elements by their light. The method creates abundant spectra with characteristic emission lines. Inductively coupled plasma, or ICP, is especially useful because it gives strong quantitative data. It works well under stable conditions, with low noise, low background, and few interferences. Newer air-operated microwave sources are also being studied. These sources may be more cost-effective than conventional ICP systems. Atomic...

atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

Measuring Elements by Atomic Fluorescence

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy measures elements by detecting the light atoms give off after they are excited by electromagnetic radiation. The atoms are first placed in a flame, furnace, or plasma. They absorb energy, become excited, and then release that energy as they return to their original state. The emitted light is called fluorescence. The fluorescence is observed at a right angle to the incoming beam. This setup helps separate the emitted light from the light used to excite the...

flame photometry: overview

Flame Emission Spectrometry Basics

Flame emission spectrometry uses a flame to excite elements in a sample so their light can be measured. It is also called flame photometry. The method can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements. The idea became established in the early 1860s when Kirchhoff and Bunsen showed that specific elements give off characteristic radiation in a flame. The first instrument for this purpose measured sodium in plant ash with a Bunsen flame. A major problem was how to add the...

flame photometry: lab

Flame Photometry and Metal Detection

Flame photometry is a method for detecting metals by measuring the light they emit in a flame. A solution such as potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame. The solvent evaporates first. The remaining salt becomes dehydrated and then dissociates into free gaseous atoms in the ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame and move to an excited state. When they return to the ground state, they emit photons at characteristic wavelengths. These emissions are very narrow...

key terms and concepts

Learn how atomic emission spectroscopy uses emitted light to identify elements, compare ICP-AES and ICP-OES, and measure samples with calibration curves.

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Element Analysis | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

JoVE Core Analytical Chemistry simplifies complex chemical principles by breaking them down into clear, engaging animations, making topics from SI Units to NMR spectroscopy more accessible and straightforward. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos highlight the application of these concepts in real-world research conducted in laboratories globally.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Place In The Universe

HS-ESS1-2

Chemistry

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Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-6

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

waves-and-their-applications-in-technologies-for-information-transfer

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

C-PS4-4

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Circular Orbits and Critical Velocity for Satellites

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Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion

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Nuclear Fusion

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Nuclear Power

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Nuclear Fission

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Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with ...

Atomic Structure

All matter is composed of atoms, the smallest individual units of elements. Each atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and ...

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

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Nuclear Stability

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Students who demonstrate understanding can develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the life span of the sun and the role of nuclear fusion in the sun's core to release energy in the form of radiation.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the energy transfer mechanisms that allow energy from nuclear fusion in the sun's core to reach Earth.  Examples of evidence for the model include observations of the masses and lifetimes of other stars, as well as the ways that the sun's radiation varies due to sudden solar flares ("space weather"), the 11-year sunspot cycle, and non-cyclic variations over centuries.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include details of the atomic and sub-atomic processes involved with the sun's nuclear fusion.

3.3.9-12.A

Emission Spectra

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Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

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Nuclear Binding Energy

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Metal Flame Emission

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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match ...

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3.3.9-12.B

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

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Flame Photometry: Overview

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3.3.9-12.D

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Element Analysis

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