Name: from iron ore to shaped steel
Uploaded: 2024-09-12T16:16:25.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

철강 제조는 용광로에서 철광석을 주철로 제련하는 것으로 시작됩니다. 제련은 철광석에 코크스라는 연료와 분쇄된 석회석을 용광로에서 겹겹이 쌓는 것을 포함합니다.
첫째, 코크스는 돌풍으로 점화되어 일산화탄소를 생성하며, 이는 광석을 용철로 환원시킵니다.
석회암은 슬래그를 형성하여 불순물을 포집하고 용융 금속 위에 떠 있습니다. 이 용철은 철강 가공을 위해 배출됩니다.
용철에는 과도한 탄소와 불순물이 포함되어 있습니다. 이를 제거하기 위해 기본 산소 프로세스가 채택됩니다. 그것은 석회와 형석 플럭스를 사용하여 용철과 스크랩에 담근 산소 랜스를 포함하며, 이는 인과 반응하여 폐기 가능한 슬래그를 형성합니다.
마지막으로, 필요에 따라 강철의 구성을 수정하기 위해 새로운 금속 요소를 도입할 수 있습니다.
강철이 용광로에서 주입 단계에 도달하면 잉곳으로 성형되거나 스트랜드 주조 기계를 통해 가공됩니다. 잉곳 몰드는 직경이 수 피트에 걸쳐 있고 높이가 6피트에서 8피트에 이르도록 할 수 있습니다.
또한 완성된 강철은 빔 블랭크 또는 블룸으로 알려진 두껍고 거친 모양으로 연속적으로 주조됩니다.

강철 제조

Steel Manufacturing

강철 제조는 다단계 공정으로, 제철소에서 철광석을 주철로 제련하는 것으로 시작합니다. 이 초기 단계에서는 용광로 내 철광석이 코크스(연료의 일종), 그리고 분쇄된 석회석과 층을 이루는 것이 포함됩니다. 코크스는 많은 공기와 함께 점화되어 일산화탄소가 생성되고, 이는 철광석을 순수한 철로 환원시키는 역할을 합니다.

이 제련 공정에서 석회석은 슬래그를 형성하여 중요한 역할을 합니다. 슬래그는 실리카, 인, 알루미나와 같은 용융 철 내의 불순물을 포집하고, 용융 금속 위에 떠오르게 하여 쉽게 분리할 수 있습니다. 정제된 용융 철은 강철 가공을 위해 배출되어 다음 단계로 이동합니다.

그러나 이 용융 철에는 일반적으로 과잉 탄소와 기타 불순물이 포함되어 있어, 양질의 강철을 만들기 위해 제거해야 합니다. 이는 수냉식 랜스를 용융 철과 폐금속 혼합물에 담그는 기본 산소 공정을 통해 수행됩니다. 석회와 형석 플럭스를 첨가하면 인과 반응하여 슬래그를 형성하고, 이는 폐기됩니다.

정제 후, 특정 요구 사항을 충족시키기 위해 새로운 금속 원소를 도입하여 강철의 구성을 추가적으로 수정할 수 있습니다. 그런 다음 강철을 성형할 준비가 됩니다; 주형에 부어 주괴를 형성하거나 스트랜드 주조 기계를 통해 가공합니다. 주괴 주형은 직경과 높이가 수 미터에 이를 정도로 큽니다.

강철 제조의 마지막 단계는 정련된 강철을 빔 블랭크 또는 블룸이라고 하는 두껍고 거친 형태로 연속 주조하는 것으로, 이후 다양한 강철 제품으로 추가 가공할 준비가 됩니다.

철강 제조는 용광로에서 철광석을 주철로 제련하는 것으로 시작됩니다. 제련은 철광석에 코크스라는 연료를 겹겹이 쌓는 것을 포함합니다.

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

토목공학

Unit 1

제1단원

Masonry Materials

조적 자재

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

from iron ore to shaped steel

Steel manufacturing turns iron ore into steel through several controlled stages. It starts in a blast furnace, where iron ore is layered with coke and crushed limestone. The coke is a fuel, and the limestone helps remove unwanted material from the molten metal.

Air is blasted into the furnace, and the coke ignites. This produces carbon monoxide, which reduces the iron ore to pure iron. As the iron melts, limestone forms slag. Slag traps impurities such as silica, phosphorus, and alumina. The slag floats on top of the molten iron, so it can be separated easily.

The purified molten iron is drained and sent to the next stage. It still contains too much carbon and other impurities for high-quality steel. These are removed in the basic oxygen process. In this step, a water-cooled lance is lowered into a mix of molten iron and scrap metal. Lime and fluorspar flux are added to help form slag and react with phosphorus. The slag is then discarded.

After refining, the steel can be adjusted for different needs by adding new metallic elements. The finished steel is then shaped for further use. It may be poured into large ingot molds or sent through a strand-casting machine. The final products from continuous casting are thick, rough forms called beam blanks or blooms, which are ready for more processing into steel products.

From Iron Ore to Shaped Steel

masonry

Masonry Materials and Structural Uses

Masonry uses stone and man-made units such as bricks, clay tiles, terra cotta, and concrete blocks to build structures. These units can form walls, floors, and arches. Masonry is valued for strength, durability, and a wide range of visual finishes. The units are laid in rows called coursing. Mortar, a mix of water, cement, and sand, binds the units together. Building with masonry is hands-on and can be done with basic tools. A trowel applies mortar, a hammer helps adjust placement, and levels...

mortar

Mortar in Masonry: Strength and Finish

Mortar is a key construction material used to bind masonry units together. It is made from Portland cement, hydrated lime, sand, and water. In walls, it fills gaps between units and helps spread weight more evenly across the structure. That reduces weak spots and supports a stronger build. Mortar also protects masonry from outside conditions. It acts as a barrier against water and wind, which helps safeguard the inside of the structure. It can also help correct surface irregularities in...

mortar properties

How Mortar Performance Is Measured

Mortar performance is measured by several key properties that matter in masonry work. These include workability, water retention, bond strength, durability, compressive strength, volume change, and appearance. Together, these properties help determine how well mortar can be placed, bonded, and finished. Workability is the ability of mortar to be applied and moved easily. Good workability means the mortar spreads smoothly and does not sag or fall off the surface. This helps masonry units stay...

bricks

How Bricks Are Made and Fired

Bricks are made from fired clay and come in many shapes, sizes, and colors. They are a basic building material used in construction. The brickmaking process begins with local clay or shale, which is crushed, ground, and screened to make a fine material. Next, the refined clay is mixed with water to form a workable mass. That mixture can be shaped in three main ways: soft mud, dry press, or stiff mud. Soft mud bricks are made in molds with high moisture content. They may be water-struck or...

brick sizes

Brick Sizes and Modular Masonry

Brick sizes are important in construction because they affect both the look of a building and its structural strength. Bricks are measured by three dimensions: width, thickness, and length. Builders often design them to fit modular measurements, usually in multiples of 4 inches or 8 inches in width, so they work well with other building materials. Most bricks are modular bricks. These bricks are sized to include the mortar joint, which is the layer of mortar that bonds masonry units together.

brick classifications

Types of Bricks in Construction

Bricks used in construction are grouped by where they are used and by their structure. The main types include facing bricks, building bricks, hollow bricks, paving bricks, and firebricks. These categories show how one material can serve different jobs in a structure. Facing bricks, also called face bricks, are used where both strength and appearance matter. They form the visible surface of a wall, so their look is important. Building bricks are usually placed in hidden parts of a structure,...

brick durability, strength, and appearance

How Brick Quality Affects Masonry Performance

Brick quality affects how masonry holds up, looks, and performs over time. Durability, strength, and appearance are all used to judge which bricks fit a specific job. These features help builders choose bricks for walls, facades, and other construction uses. Durability is closely tied to freeze-thaw action. In freeze-thaw, water absorbed by a brick expands when it freezes. That expansion can damage the brick, especially if the water melts and refreezes. Bricks are graded for durability as SW,...

brick masonry

Brick Wall Bonds and Wythes

Brick masonry is built from individual bricks set in mortar to form walls. A key unit in this system is the wythe, which is a vertical layer of bricks one brick thick. Inside a wythe, bricks can be arranged in different courses, or rows, to build the wall. The most common course is the stretcher course. In this pattern, each brick lies with its long edge horizontal and its face parallel to the wall. Thicker walls are made by joining multiple wythes together. Builders use headers, which are...

brick cutting techniques

Brick Cuts for Fitting Wall Spaces

Brick cuts help fit bricks into small spaces in a wall. A mason uses a hammer with a chisel-pointed end for basic shaping. The mason strikes the brick with sharp, precise blows. For more exact cuts, a power saw with a water-cooled diamond blade is used. Cut bricks are also named by size. A half-bat is a brick cut to half its original length. A three-fourth bat is cut to three-fourths of its length. These cut pieces help fill gaps and keep the wall pattern aligned. Some cuts are made for...

mortar joints in brick masonry

Mortar Joint Profiles and Brick Finishing

Mortar joints hold brick masonry together and help give the wall strength. They fill the spaces between bricks and support the finished structure. Joint thickness can vary from less than one-fourth inch to more than half an inch, depending on the need and the application. As the mortar starts to harden, workers tool the joints. Tooling means compacting and shaping the mortar. This step improves the look of the brickwork and helps it stand up better to bad weather. Brick masonry can be...

spanning openings in brick walls

Brick Wall Supports for Doors and Windows

Brick wall supports help keep openings for doors and windows stable. These supports hold up the weight of the wall above the opening. The main options are lintels, corbels, and arches. Lintels are the main support used to span an opening. They can be made from reinforced concrete, steel-reinforced brick masonry, or simple steel angles. Lintels are usually easy to install and are often hidden inside the brickwork, so they are not visible in the finished wall. Corbels provide only limited...

reinforced brick masonry

Steel-Reinforced Brick Wall Construction

Steel-reinforced brick wall construction uses steel bars and grout to make masonry walls stronger. The steel can be placed inside the hollow cores of bricks or between two layers of masonry called wythes. Grout, a fluid mix of Portland cement, aggregate, and water, holds the steel and brick together. Deformed steel reinforcement bars are set in the collar joints or in the hollow cores of the bricks. The system includes both vertical and horizontal steel bars. Vertical bars must be at least...

types of building stone

Building Stone Uses and Rock Types

Building stone is a natural construction material cut from rock deposits and shaped into the sizes needed for building work. It is grouped into three main rock types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Each group has different properties that make it useful for specific parts of a structure. Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and solidifies. Granite is a common example. It is durable and resists weathering, so it works well in parts of buildings that face severe weather. <br...

quarrying of stone

Stone Extraction and Block Shaping

Stone extraction and block shaping begin in a quarry, where large blocks are removed safely and efficiently. Quarry workers may use controlled explosions, but they also use precise cutting and drilling methods. The goal is to separate stone from the rock face without damaging the material. One common method uses a diamond belt saw to make a vertical cut in the quarry face. The blocks can be very large, sometimes about 50 feet long and 12 feet high. After the cut, workers drill at the base of...

stone masonry

Stone Masonry Types and Jointing

Stone masonry is a building method that uses individual stones to form structures. It is usually divided into two main categories: rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Rubble masonry uses uneven, naturally shaped stones. These may be river rocks or fragments from quarries. A mason often has to choose each stone carefully and may shape it to fit the space, even when the stones differ in size and form. Ashlar masonry uses stones that are cut into square or rectangular shapes. This type creates...

manufacture of concrete masonry units

Concrete Block Curing and Block Types

Concrete masonry units are made by mixing stiff concrete from Portland cement, aggregates, and water. The mix is placed into metal molds and vibrated so it settles evenly and does not separate. The wet blocks are then removed from the molds and set on racks. After molding, the blocks are moved to curing. Curing can happen in a steam kiln, where the blocks are steam cured, or in an autoclave, where high-pressure steam curing is used. This step helps the blocks gain the hardness and durability...

laying concrete masonry

Building a Concrete Block Wall

Building a concrete block wall starts with careful base preparation, mortar placement, and block alignment. The area where the wall will be built is cleaned first. Then mortar is spread where the first row of concrete blocks will sit. The first blocks are often set at a corner to mark the wall boundaries. Mortar is placed on the face shells of the blocks, which are the outward-facing surfaces. It is also applied at the ends of each block. This helps form the vertical joints between blocks and...

steel manufacturing

Steel manufacturing turns iron ore into steel through several controlled stages. It starts in a blast furnace, where iron ore is layered with coke and crushed limestone. The coke is a fuel, and the limestone helps remove unwanted material from the molten metal. Air is blasted into the furnace, and the coke ignites. This produces carbon monoxide, which reduces the iron ore to pure iron. As the iron melts, limestone forms slag. Slag traps impurities such as silica, phosphorus, and alumina. The...

structural steel products

How Structural Steel Shapes Are Made

Structural steel shapes are made in a structural mill. The process starts with a beam blank. The steel is reheated and then sent through a series of rollers that gradually form it into its final shape. The spacing between the rollers can be changed to make different sections with the same nominal dimensions. After shaping, the steel leaves the mill as a continuous length. A hot saw then cuts it into manageable pieces. The cut pieces are cooled and passed through another set of rollers. These...

steel fastening techniques

How Steel Sections Are Joined

Steel sections are joined with rivets, bolts, or welding. Each method fits different structural needs and working conditions. These fastening techniques help assemble strong steel structures in practical ways. Riveting uses cylindrical steel fasteners with a specially designed head. The rivets are heated until white-hot and then placed through pre-drilled holes in the steel sections. A pneumatic hammer shapes the exposed end into a second head, which locks the pieces together. Bolting is...

mechanical characteristics of steel

Testing Steel for Strength and Toughness

Steel is tested for strength, toughness, and flexibility using several standard mechanical tests. These tests help show how steel will behave in real use. They also help engineers choose steel for the right job. A tension test measures tensile strength. In this test, a steel specimen is pulled in a gripping device until it breaks. The results are used to draw a stress-strain curve. That curve shows the proportional limit, yield point, ultimate strength, and the point of rupture. A torsion...

key terms and concepts

Follow the main stages of steel manufacturing, from blast furnace smelting and slag removal to basic oxygen refining, alloying, and continuous casting.

From Iron Ore to Shaped Steel | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering offers a foundational exploration of essential construction materials such as bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete, along with fluid mechanics topics like flow over immersed bodies, open channel flow, and dimensional modeling. It also covers key surveying concepts, including leveling, traverse adjustments, curve design, topographic mapping, and geospatial technologies (GPS & GIS). Science-in-action videos showcase laboratory research on materials, fluids, and surveying practices in real-world engineering systems.

civil engineering

From Iron Ore to Shaped Steel

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