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Sulfur dioxide enters terrestrial ecosystems through multiple pathways. It dissolves in precipitation as weak sulfuric acid and falls to the ground, or deposits directly through a process called fallout. Additionally, weathering of sulfur-containing rocks formed by geological uplift of ocean sediments contributes sulfur to the soil, making it available for plant uptake and food chain cycling.

Decomposers break down organic sulfur compounds in dead organisms and release sulfur back into the atmosphere as hydrogen sulfide gas. This gas is then oxidized in the atmosphere to form sulfur dioxide, which can be deposited back into ecosystems or continue cycling through the environment as part of the ongoing biogeochemical cycles in the biosphere.

Marine chemoautotrophs use sulfur as a biological energy source, directly recycling sulfur molecules through aquatic ecosystems. These organisms oxidize sulfur compounds to obtain energy, making sulfur available to other marine organisms and contributing to the cycling of this essential element between the ocean and atmosphere.

Sulfur is stored long-term on the ocean floor as marine sediment. Over geological time, tectonic uplift can transfer these sediments back to land, where erosion releases the sulfur. This long-term storage mechanism allows sulfur to cycle between marine and terrestrial ecosystems across extended timescales.

Sulfur is essential to biological systems because it is a component of certain amino acids, such as cysteine, which play important roles in protein structure. Organisms obtain sulfur from the soil as sulfates through plant roots, and it is then incorporated into organic compounds used throughout the food chain.

Burning fossil fuels, particularly coal, releases an unnaturally large amount of hydrogen sulfide gas into the atmosphere. This excess sulfur dioxide returns to the ground as acid rain, which lowers the pH of lakes and rivers, damaging both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and disrupting natural sulfur cycling.

Natural sources of atmospheric sulfur include volcanic activity, geothermal vents, decomposition of organisms, and weathering of sulfur-containing rocks. These processes release hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere as part of normal biogeochemical cycles, maintaining sulfur availability in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.