출처: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA
이 실험에서는 다양한 농도의 수성 HCl과 티오황산나트륨을 결합하여 특정 황 농도에서 불투명한 노란색 입자로 빠르게 모이는 고체 황을 만듭니다. 반응 용액은 투명하고 무색으로 시작하기 때문에 해당 농도에 도달하면 쉽게 알 수 있습니다.
매번 동일한 시험관과 총 부피를 사용하므로 각 용액을 완전히 불투명하게 만드는 데 동일한 양의 황이 필요합니다. 따라서 소요 시간을 측정하여 반응 진행 상황을 측정합니다. 그런 다음 해당 데이터를 사용하여 개별 반응물과 전체 반응의 반응 순서를 추정합니다.
실험실을 시작하기 전에 반응물 농도, 용액 불투명도까지의 시간 및 시험을 위한 용액 온도를 나열하는 표를 만드십시오.
| 재판 | [나2초2O3] (M) | [HCl] (M) | 시간 (초) | 온도 (°C) |
| 1 | 0.1 m | 3.0 m | ||
| 2 | 0.1 m | 3.0 m | ||
| 3 | 0.2 m | 3.0 m | ||
| 4 | 0.15 m | 3.0 m | ||
| 5 | 0.05 m | 3.0 m | ||
| 6 | 0.1 m | 6.0 m | ||
| 7 | 0.1 m | 4.5 M | ||
| 8 | 0.1 m | 1.5 m |
우리는 반응이 모두 실온에서 일어나고 있는지 확인하고 싶습니다. 2개의 벤치마크 시험, 서로 다른 티오황산나트륨 농도를 사용한 3개의 시험, 그리고 다른 HCl 농도를 사용한 3개의 시험을 수행하게 됩니다. 다음 표와 같이 sodium thiosulfate와 HCl의 원액을 희석하여 농도를 변경합니다.
| 목표 집중 | >0.2M 티오 황산 나트륨의 부피 | DI 물의 양 |
| 0.05 m | 5 mL | 15mL |
| 0.10 m | 10 mL | 10 mL |
| 0.15 m | 15mL | 5 mL |
| 0.20 m | 20mL | 0mL |
| 목표 집중 | 6.0m HCl의 부피 | DI 물의 양 |
| 1.5 m | 2.5mL | 7.5 mL |
| 3.0 m | 5.0 mL | 5.0 mL |
| 4.5 M | 7.5 mL | 2.5mL |
| 6.0 m | 10 mL | 0mL |
독성이 있고 부식성이 강한 HCl을 다룰 때는 주의하십시오. 이 반응의 기체 산물인 이산화황도 독성이 있습니다. 이산화황이 무해하게 빠져나갈 수 있도록 반응 폐기물을 흄 후드에 밤새 방치합니다.
| 시험판 | [Na2S2O3] 추가 | Na2S2O3 부피(mL) | 총 부피(mL) | [Na2S2O3] 혼합 | 시간 (초) | 역시간(s-1) |
| 1, 2 | 0.1 | |||||
| 3 | 0.2 | |||||
| 4 | 0.15 | |||||
| 5 | 0.05 |
| 시험판 | [HCl] 추가 | HCl 부피(mL) | 총 부피(mL) | [HCl] 혼합 | 시간 (초) |
| 1, 2 | 0.1 | ||||
| 3 | 0.2 | ||||
| 4 | 0.15 | ||||
| 5 | 0.05 |
Q1: How do you prepare diluted solutions of sodium thiosulfate for the concentration dependence experiment?
Use a volumetric pipette to measure the required volume of 0.2 M sodium thiosulfate stock solution and dispense it into a volumetric flask. Fill the flask with deionized water to the mark, seal with plastic paraffin film, and invert several times to thoroughly mix. This dilution procedure ensures accurate target concentrations ranging from 0.05 M to 0.2 M for each trial.
Q2: Why is measuring the time to solution opacity used to track reaction progress?
The reaction produces solid sulfur that creates visible cloudiness in the initially clear, colorless solution. Since each trial uses the same test tube and total volume, it takes the same amount of sulfur to make the solution completely opaque. By timing when the X mark disappears, you measure how fast sulfur is produced, which directly reflects the reaction rate.
Q3: What does the relationship between sodium thiosulfate concentration and reaction time reveal about reaction order?
When sodium thiosulfate concentration doubles, the time to opacity is halved, indicating the reaction rate doubles proportionally. When concentration increases by a factor of four, the reaction rate also increases by a factor of four. This one-to-one relationship demonstrates that the reaction is first order with respect to sodium thiosulfate.
Q4: How does HCl concentration affect the rate of the sulfur precipitation reaction?
Reaction times remain nearly identical across trials with different HCl concentrations, from 1.5 M to 6.0 M. This lack of variation indicates that HCl concentration has no effect on the reaction rate, meaning the reaction is zeroth order with respect to HCl. The rate depends only on sodium thiosulfate concentration.
Q5: What precautions are necessary when handling the reactants and products in this experiment?
HCl is toxic and highly corrosive, requiring a lab coat, splash-proof safety glasses, and nitrile gloves. Sulfur dioxide, a gaseous product, is also toxic and must be allowed to escape harmlessly by leaving reaction waste in the fume hood overnight. Always work in a fume hood and neutralize waste with baking soda before disposal.
Q6: Why are benchmark trials performed before varying reactant concentrations?
Benchmark trials ensure that reactions occur at consistent room temperature and establish reproducible baseline measurements. Two benchmark trials must be within 3-5 seconds of each other to confirm experimental reliability. This consistency validates that subsequent variations in concentration, not temperature fluctuations, cause observed changes in reaction time.
Q7: How do you calculate the overall reaction order from individual reactant orders?
Add the reaction orders of all reactants to determine the overall reaction order. Since sodium thiosulfate is first order and HCl is zeroth order, the overall reaction order is one. This sum represents the total dependence of the reaction rate on all reactant concentrations combined.