DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates along the lagging strand template in the 5' to 3' direction. In eukaryotes, the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) protein complex is a DNA helicase that binds and translocates along the leading strand template in the 3' to 5' direction.
Helicases as Therapeutic Targets
Being an indispensable component of the DNA replication machinery, helicase is emerging as a new target for the development of drugs against bacterial and viral infections and for cancer treatment. Cancer cells are characterized by rapid proliferation, which demands a high DNA replication rate and a corresponding increase in the production of MCM helicase. Thus, inhibition or depletion of MCM helicase by the right drugs could suppress the rapid growth of cancer cells.
DNA 복제에 관여하는 헬리케이스는 복제 헬리케이스(replicative helicase)로 알려져 있습니다. 그들은 단일 가닥 DNA가 통과할 수 있을 만큼 충분히 큰 중앙 기공을 둘러싸고 있는 6개의 소단위를 포함합니다.
Helicase는 ATP 가수분해의 에너지를 사용하여 DNA를 따라 이동하기 위해 구조적 변화를 겪습니다.
헬리카제의 6개 소단위는 각각 ATP를 ADP와 무기 인산염으로 분해하는 능력인 고유한 ATPase 활성을 가진 ATP 결합 부위를 가지고 있습니다.
헬리카제가 ATP를 분해함에 따라 소단위체는 서로에 대해 움직여 DNA 전좌를 일으킵니다.
DNA를 풀기 시작하기 위해 헬리카제는 복제의 원점에서 DNA의 단일 가닥에 결합하고 선택한 DNA 가닥을 따라 미끄러집니다.
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