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A DC motor transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy using a stationary stator and rotating rotor. When current flows through wire loops in a magnetic field, the magnetic field applies torque to the loops, causing the shaft to rotate. Commutators and brushes reverse the current direction at specific points to maintain continuous rotation and prevent dead spots where torque would be zero.

The right-hand rule determines the direction of magnetic forces on each side of a current loop. For sides parallel to the magnetic field, forces are directed opposite to each other. For sides perpendicular to the magnetic field, forces are also calculated using the right-hand rule. These opposing forces create the torque that rotates the loop.

Opposite sides of a current loop carry current in opposite directions. Since magnetic force depends on current direction, sides 1 and 3 experience forces with equal magnitude but opposite signs. Similarly, sides 2 and 4 have opposite force directions. This configuration creates a net torque rather than a net force, enabling rotation.

The net force on a rectangular current loop is calculated by applying the magnetic force equation to each side individually, then summing all forces vectorially. For a loop with sides a and b, forces on parallel sides cancel out, resulting in zero net translational force but nonzero torque. This is why the loop rotates rather than translates.

Commutators and brushes maintain continuous motor rotation by reversing current direction at specific intervals. The commutator has contact areas that switch current flow, while brushes press against the commutator to create electrical contact during spinning. A three-contact commutator design avoids dead spots where instantaneous torque would be zero.

In a uniform magnetic field, wire segments perpendicular to the field experience maximum magnetic force, while segments parallel to the field experience no force. For a rectangular loop, the perpendicular sides generate the torque that drives rotation. The magnitude of force on each perpendicular segment depends on current magnitude, segment length, and field strength.

Motors require rotational motion, not linear motion, making torque the essential quantity. Although opposite sides of a current loop experience equal and opposite forces that cancel for net force, these forces act at different points, creating a torque that rotates the shaft. This rotational effect is what enables motors to perform mechanical work.