석조

Stone masonry falls into two main categories: rubble and ashlar. Rubble masonry uses uneven, naturally shaped stones such as river rocks or quarry fragments, requiring masons to select and fit each stone individually. Ashlar masonry employs uniformly cut, square or rectangular blocks that create smoother surfaces and more refined structural appearances.

Coursed masonry features consistent horizontal joints across the construction, enhancing structural uniformity and visual regularity. Uncoursed masonry lacks these uniform horizontal joints, giving the structure a more random and natural aesthetic. Both styles can be applied to rubble or ashlar masonry depending on design requirements.

Mortar joints are raked to a depth of about half an inch to an inch after stones are set to prevent irregular settling. This process removes excess mortar and creates space for proper curing. Once the mortar cures by spraying water and drying, joints are pointed with mortar to ensure they are completely filled.

In rubble stonework, the uneven shapes and sizes of stones require masons to carefully select each stone to suit the allotted space. Occasionally, a stone may be shaped using a mason's hammer to achieve a precise fit. This selective placement ensures structural integrity despite the irregular nature of the materials.

Stone masonry is frequently integrated with concrete masonry to reduce construction costs. Stone is utilized in visible areas for its aesthetic appeal and durability, while concrete masonry is employed in concealed sections where appearance is less critical. This hybrid approach balances visual quality with economic efficiency.

After mortar cures through spraying water and allowing it to dry, the wall is finished by carefully pointing to completely fill the joints with mortar again. This final step ensures all joints are properly sealed and provides a uniform, finished appearance to the completed stone masonry wall.

Ashlar masonry uses uniformly cut, square or rectangular blocks that create smoother surfaces and more refined structural appearances. Unlike rubble masonry, which requires individual stone selection and fitting, ashlar masonry's uniform dimensions allow for faster, more predictable construction while maintaining consistent visual quality and structural performance.