Question 1

What are aligning actions and why do people use them?

Accepted Answer

Aligning actions are communicative strategies individuals employ to maintain social harmony and preserve personal identity when behavior might violate accepted social norms. People use these actions to protect their reputations, justify themselves, and prevent negative judgments that could disrupt social interactions or threaten their identity.

Question 2

How do disclaimers work as a form of impression management?

Accepted Answer

Disclaimers are preventive verbal statements made before a potentially disruptive action to minimize its negative impact. Phrases like "I'm not an expert, but..." serve as a buffer, alerting others to interpret upcoming behavior charitably and framing the speaker's identity as well-intentioned despite potential limitations or lack of authority.

Question 3

What is the difference between excuses and justifications?

Accepted Answer

Excuses and justifications are two types of accounts used after identity-threatening behavior. Excuses minimize fault by blaming external forces or internal conditions like illness or coercion. Justifications, conversely, acknowledge the behavior but claim it was appropriate given the context or intentions behind it.

Question 4

When are apologies most effective at repairing identity?

Accepted Answer

Apologies are most effective when they admit fault, express genuine remorse, seek forgiveness, and offer restitution. They work best when paired with appropriate accounts and perceived as sincere and unintentional, as this combination helps restore interpersonal trust and repair the social breach caused by the transgression.

Question 5

How do accounts reduce blame after norm violations?

Accepted Answer

Accounts are explanations individuals provide after engaging in identity-threatening behavior to reduce blame and repair the social breach. By providing context that mitigates the perceived violation, accounts help others understand the circumstances surrounding the behavior, making the transgression seem less severe or more understandable.

Question 6

What role do gender dynamics play in how aligning actions are received?

Accepted Answer

Gender dynamics influence public reactions to aligning actions, with different standards often applied to male and female transgressors. This highlights the intersection of identity, power, and communication norms, showing that the effectiveness of aligning actions depends not only on their content but also on the social identity of the person using them.

Question 7

How do aligning actions extend beyond everyday personal interactions?

Accepted Answer

Aligning actions extend into the public sphere, where individuals and organizations use disclaimers, accounts, and apologies to manage impressions and maintain credibility during controversies or policy failures. These strategies help preserve institutional identity and public trust when actions or statements conflict with established social or professional norms.

인상 관리 기법 III: 행동 조정

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