본 프로토콜은 원내 저온 전자 현미경(cryo-EM) 시설의 IT 인프라를 설계하고 운영하기 위한 실질적인 프레임워크를 제공합니다. 시설 계획, 네트워크 아키텍처, 스토리지, GPU 컴퓨팅, 원격 접속 및 실시간 데이터 처리를 다루며, 이를 통해 확장 가능하고 지속 가능하며 고성능의 cryo-EM 운영을 보장하는 동시에 수 테라바이트 규모의 데이터 세트를 효율적으로 관리할 수 있도록 합니다.
본 프로토콜은 원내 저온 전자 현미경(cryo-EM) 시설의 IT 인프라를 설계하고 운영하기 위한 실질적인 프레임워크를 제공합니다. 시설 계획, 네트워크 아키텍처, 스토리지, GPU 컴퓨팅, 원격 접속 및 실시간 데이터 처리를 다루며, 이를 통해 확장 가능하고 지속 가능하며 고성능의 cryo-EM 운영을 보장하는 동시에 수 테라바이트 규모의 데이터 세트를 효율적으로 관리할 수 있도록 합니다.
초저온 전자현미경(Cryo-EM)은 생체 거대분자의 고해상도 구조 결정을 위한 지배적인 방법이 되었습니다. 전 세계적으로 기관 내 Cryo-EM 시설의 수가 증가함에 따라 지속적인 과제가 제기되었는데, 바로 이러한 시설을 지원하는 데 필요한 데이터 인프라가 통상적으로 계획 단계에서 과소평가된다는 점입니다. 직접 전자 검출기(DED)와 결합된 현대적인 Cryo-EM 장비는 하루에 2~5 TB의 원시 데이터를 생성하며, 20명의 사용자가 이용하는 시설은 단일 운영 연도 내에 약 2 PB의 데이터를 축적할 수 있습니다. 이 데이터를 처리하려면 전용 GPU 컴퓨팅 노드, 고속 내부 네트워킹 및 강력한 장기 보관 전략이 필요하며, 이 모든 것은 데이터 수집이 시작되기 전에 갖춰져야 합니다. 본 프로토콜은 자체 Cryo-EM 시설의 IT 및 계산 설계를 위한 통합 프레임워크를 제시합니다. 물리적 시설 요구 사항(실 설계, 전력, 냉각 및 진동 격리), 장비 선정(현미경, DED 및 지원 기기), 그리고 네트워크 스위치 구성, 스토리지 서버 선정 및 규모 산정, GPU 컴퓨팅 노드 프로비저닝, 원격 접속 아키텍처를 포함한 전체 계산 스택을 다룹니다. 이어서 업계 표준 도구를 사용하여 데이터 수집 중 실시간으로 수행되는 모션 보정, 대비 전달 함수(CTF) 추정, 입자 선택 및 2D 분류를 포함하는 즉시 데이터 처리 파이프라인을 구현하기 위한 상세 프로토콜을 제공합니다. 외부 사용자를 위한 데이터 전송 전략 또한 다룹니다. 본 가이드는 문헌상의 중요한 공백을 메우며, 연구자와 관리자가 첫날부터 계산적으로 준비된 Cryo-EM 시설을 구축할 수 있도록 도울 것입니다.
cryo-EM 분해능 혁명은 결정화 과정 없이도 단백질, 핵산 및 거대분자 복합체의 원자 수준 분해능 시각화를 가능하게 하여 구조 생물학을 변화시켰습니다1,2. 이러한 변화를 이끈 세 가지 기술적 진보는 높은 프레임 속도를 가진 DED의 개발, 전자 광학 및 현미경 기계 장치의 개선, 그리고 GPU 가속 이미지 처리 소프트웨어의 최적화였습니다3,4,5,6. 이러한 진보들이 결합되어 cryo-EM은 점점 더 많은 구조 생물학 연구자들이 선택하는 주요 방법이 되었습니다.
cryo-EM 이용 수요가 증가함에 따라 대규모 국가 센터와 소규모 기관 시설 모두에 상당한 투자가 이루어졌습니다. 미국의 NCCAT, S2C2, PNCC, MCCET 및 유럽의 eBIC, NeCEN, SciLifeLab와 같은 국가 센터3,5,6는 승인된 프로젝트를 위해 최첨단 장비에 대한 접근성을 제공합니다. 내부 시설은 더 빠른 처리 시간과 사용자-직원 간의 긴밀한 상호작용을 통해 반복적이고 프로젝트 특화된 연구를 지원함으로써 이러한 자원을 보완합니다. 그러나 기능적인 내부 시설을 구축하려면 단순히 현미경을 구매하는 것 이상의 노력이 필요합니다. 지원 IT 인프라 또한 동일하게 중요하며, 인프라의 부족은 새로운 시설의 운영 실패를 초래하는 주요 원인이 됩니다6.
단일 고성능 cryo-EM 세션은 24시간 동안 2–5 TB의 원시 movie 데이터를 생성할 수 있습니다. 다수의 현미경과 사용자가 있을 경우, 데이터 부담은 빠르게 페타바이트 규모에 도달합니다. 이러한 데이터를 처리하려면 데이터 수집과 동시에 작동해야 하는 GPU 가속 파이프라인이 필요합니다7,8. 전처리가 지연되면 데이터 품질에 대한 피드백이 늦어지고 장비 시간이 낭비됩니다. 이러한 현실에도 불구하고, cryo-EM 시설 관리에 대해 출판된 대부분의 가이드는 IT 구성 요소에 거의 주의를 기울이지 않으며, 전체 데이터 인프라를 구축하고 검증하기 위한 단계별 운영 프로토콜을 제공하는 사례는 없습니다.
본 프로토콜은 이러한 공백을 해결하기 위한 것입니다. 우리는 시설 구축을 위한 물리적 및 기술적 요구 사항, 현미경 및 검출기 선택 기준, 그리고 무엇보다도 초저온 전자현미경(cryo-EM) 시설을 운영 가능하게 만드는 IT 백본의 설계 및 구현에 대해 설명합니다6. 특히 실시간 데이터 처리에 주목합니다. 이는 데이터 수집 중에 동시에 수행되는 자동화된 전처리를 통해 실시간 품질 관리가 가능하게 하고, 수집 결정을 안내하며, 세션 후 처리 시간을 획기적으로 단축시킵니다9,10,11. 이 프로토콜을 통해 시설 개발자는 광범위한 과학 커뮤니티에 지속 가능하고 효율적으로 서비스를 제공하는 완전하고 통합된 cryo-EM 운영 체계를 구축할 수 있을 것입니다.
본 프로토콜 전반에 걸쳐 사용된 장비, 소프트웨어 및 재료에 대한 상세 정보는 재료 표에 제공되어 있습니다.
1. 물리적 시설 설계, 인력 및 인프라 계획
2. 현미경 및 검출기 선택
3. 네트워크 아키텍처 설계 및 구현
4. 저장 서버 설계 및 구축
5. GPU 컴퓨팅 인프라
6. 원격 접속 인프라
7. 실시간 데이터 처리 워크플로우: 구현
8. 데이터 수집 중 실시간 품질 관리 및 피드백
9. 수집 후 데이터 처리 파이프라인
A successfully implemented facility IT infrastructure and on-the-fly data processing pipeline will produce the following verifiable outcomes at each stage:
Network and storage
Internal data transfer between the camera controller and storage server should sustain ≥800 MB/s (approaching theoretical 10 Gbps throughput) when measured with tools such as iperf3 or fio. This throughput is sufficient to transfer a 10–12 GB movie stack from the detector in under 15 seconds, ensuring that storage writing does not create a bottleneck during high-speed EER data collection. ZFS storage pool utilization and per-pool IOPS should be monitored daily; healthy pools show no degraded or faulted VDEVs and consistent read speeds of ≥500 MB/s for sequential reads.
On-the-fly preprocessing
The on-the-fly workflow should process each new movie—including motion correction, CTF estimation, and particle picking—within seconds of it being written to disk, thereby keeping pace with modern detector frame rates, such as the TFS Falcon 4i, operating at 5–15 movies per minute (considering 10–100 Gbps network connections and switches). For a 24 h SPA session generating ~8,000–12,000 micrographs at 150,000x magnification with the selected detector, the pipeline should deliver approximately 200,000–800,000 picked particles, a median CTF fit resolution of 3.0–5 Å, and an initial set of 2D class averages showing clear secondary structural features (alpha-helices, beta-strands) by 4–6 h into the session.
2D and 3D processing benchmarks
With 4x NVIDIA RTX 4090 GPUs per compute node and a dataset of 500,000 particles, CryoSPARC 2D classification (200 classes, 25 iterations) should complete in approximately 30–60 min. Ab initio 3D reconstruction from 100,000 particles should complete in 15–30 min. Full 3D refinement of a 300 kDa complex to near-atomic resolution typically requires 2–8 h, depending on particle count and target resolution. These benchmarks serve as a baseline for detecting performance regressions caused by hardware failures or resource contention.
Facility performance metrics
A well-functioning facility should track the following key performance indicators (KPIs) monthly: (a) instrument uptime percentage (target: >90%); (b) fraction of sessions with on-the-fly pipeline active from session start (target: 100%); (c) storage utilization and growth rate; (d) number of active users and projects; (e) number of structures deposited to EMDB/PDB; (f) fraction of sessions producing publishable-quality 2D classes. These metrics provide objective evidence of operational success and support facility reporting to funding agencies.

Figure 1: Overview of the cryo-EM facility data flow architecture. Schematic illustration of the complete data path from electron detector to final deposited structure. Raw movie frames are written from the camera controller to high-performance NFS storage via the 10 Gbps facility network switch. GPU compute nodes mount the same storage share and begin on-the-fly preprocessing (motion correction → CTF estimation → particle picking → 2D classification) concurrently with data collection. Preprocessed outputs and final 3D reconstructions are stored on the same or secondary storage pool. Remote users access compute resources and storage through an institutional VPN and approved remote desktop software. External data delivery is performed through an authenticated transfer service or by shipping physical storage media. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 2: Minimal network topology for a small cryo-EM facility. All data acquisition and processing devices—camera controller, microscope controller, storage servers (>1 PB capacity), and GPU compute servers (N nodes)—are connected via a central 10 Gbps (or faster) managed network switch. The switch uplinks to the institutional internet/WAN for remote access. Remote data processing and remote monitoring are accessible over the public internet via VPN. Storage capacity shown is representative for a single-microscope, 20-user facility operating for 3–6 months. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
| Manufacturer | Model | kVmax | Electron Source | Compatible DEDs | Primary Applications | Strengths | Limitations/Notes |
| Thermo Fisher Scientific | Krios G4/Krios 5 | 300 kV | XFEG/CFEG | Falcon 4i, Falcon 3EC, Gatan K3/K2 | SPA, cryo-ET/STA, MicroED | Gold-standard platform, full automation (EPU), highest throughput, best for high-res (<2.5 Å) | Highest cost, infrastructure demanding |
| Glacios 2 | 200 kV | XFEG | Falcon 4i, Falcon 4, Gatan K3 | SPA, cryo-ET, MicroED | Strong performance at lower cost, compact footprint, high accessibility | Lower ultimate resolution vs 300 kV | |
| Talos Arctica | 200 kV | XFEG | Falcon 3, Falcon 4, Gatan K2/K3 | SPA, cryo-ET | Proven, robust, widely adopted | Older generation, less automation | |
| Talos L120C | 120 kV | LaB6 | Ceta CMOS (limited DED) | Screening, MicroED (limited) | Cost-effective, training/screening | Not suitable for high-resolution SPA | |
| JEOL | CRYO ARM 300 II (JEM-Z300FSC) | 300 kV | CFEG | Gatan K3/K2, Direct Electron DE64 | SPA, cryo-ET/STA, MicroED | Cold FEG (high coherence), top-tier resolution, strong optics | Less integrated ecosystem |
| CRYO ARM 200 | 200 kV | CFEG | Gatan K3/K2, DE64 | SPA, cryo-ET | Excellent performance-cost ratio, high stability | Fewer turnkey automation tools | |
| JEM-3200FSC | 300 kV | FEG | Gatan K2/K3, DE20 | SPA, cryo-ET | Large installed base, proven | Legacy system, aging support | |
| Hitachi High-Tech | HF8300 | 300 kV | FEG | Gatan K3/K2, DE64 (custom integration) | SPA, cryo-ET | High-voltage capability, flexible integration | Limited adoption in structural biology |
| HT7800 | 120 kV | LaB6 | CMOS, limited DED | Screening, MicroED | Reliable screening scope | Not suitable for high-resolution cryoEM | |
| SU9000 (TEM/STEM) | 200 kV | CFEG | Limited cryo-compatible DEDs | Niche cryo, materials | Advanced optics | Not widely used for SPA/ET |
Table 1: Comparison of current cryo-TEM platforms and recommended DEDs. Summary of commercially available cryo-TEMs organized by manufacturer (ThermoFisher Scientific, JEOL, Hitachi), including model name, maximum accelerating voltage (kVmax), compatible DEDs for cryogenic operation, and primary imaging applications (SPA, STA/cryo-ET, microED). Intended as a planning reference; consult manufacturers for current specifications. Abbreviations: DED = direct electron detector; XFEG = extreme field emission gun; CFEG = cold field emission gun; FEG = field emission gun; SPA = single-particle analysis; cryo-ET = cryo-electron tomography; STA = subtomogram averaging; MicroED = micro-electron diffraction; TEM = transmission electron microscope; STEM = scanning transmission electron microscope.
| Detector | Vendor | Key Features | Typical Pairing | Best Use Case |
| Falcon 4i | Thermo Fisher Scientific | EER mode, very high frame rate, high DQE | Krios, Glacios | High-throughput SPA, cryo-ET |
| Gatan K3 | Gatan (AMETEK) | Counting mode, large FOV, super-resolution | JEOL + Thermo | High-resolution SPA (standard) |
| Gatan K2 | Gatan | Previous-gen counting detector | Legacy systems | Established pipelines |
| DE64 | Direct Electron | Large sensor, high throughput | JEOL, selected Thermo | Cryo-ET, large field-of-view |
| Apollo | Direct Electron | High frame rate, high throughput | Krios, Glacios, JEOLs | SPA and microED |
Table 2: Current available DEDs in the market. Summary of commercially available DEDs organized by manufacturer. Abbreviations: EER = Electron Event Register; DQE = detective quantum efficiency; FOV = field of view; SPA = single-particle analysis; cryo-ET = cryo-electron tomography; microED = micro-electron diffraction.
| Software | Main Function | Key Features | Reference |
| RELION | End-to-end SPA processing | Bayesian refinement, classification, CTF refinement | 7, 12, 13 |
| cryoSPARC | End-to-end SPA | Fast GPU pipelines, ab initio reconstruction | 11 |
| EMAN2 | Image processing suite | Reconstruction, heterogeneity analysis (e2gmm) | 14 |
| cisTEM | SPA processing | User-friendly GUI, refinement and validation | 15 |
| SPHIRE | SPA (SPARX-based) | High-resolution refinement workflows | 16 |
| cryoDRGN | Heterogeneity analysis | Deep learning latent space reconstruction | 17 |
| Topaz | Particle picking | Deep learning-based picking | 18 |
| crYOLO | Particle picking | Real-time neural network picking | 16 |
| Warp | Preprocessing | Motion correction, CTF estimation, real-time processing | 19 |
| Model Angelo | Model building | Automated model building from maps | 20 |
| cryoET + STA | |||
| Software | Main Function | Key Features | Reference |
| IMOD | Tilt-series alignment & reconstruction | Gold standard for tomogram reconstruction | 21 |
| Dynamo | STA | Geometry-based particle picking, flexible workflows | 22 |
| emClarity | STA refinement | High-resolution STA, template matching | 23 |
| RELION (ET module) | STA refinement | Bayesian STA, integration with SPA workflows | 24 |
| EMAN2 (SPT) | STA | Subtomogram refinement tools | 14 |
| Warp/M | Preprocessing + STA | Real-time tomographic preprocessing | 19 |
| AreTomo | Tomogram reconstruction | Fast alignment and reconstruction | 25 |
| PEET | STA | Subtomogram averaging (IMOD-based) | 26 |
| PyTom | STA | Template matching, classification | 27 |
| Tomo3D | Reconstruction | Fast GPU tomogram reconstruction | 28 |
| crYOLO (3D) | Particle picking | ML-based picking in tomograms | 16 |
| AITom | AI-based analysis | Deep learning for segmentation and classification | 29 |
| MicroED | |||
| Software | Main Function | Key Features | Reference |
| DIALS | Diffraction processing | Integration of diffraction data | 30 |
| XDS | Data processing | Indexing and integration of diffraction data | 31 |
| MOSFLM | Data processing | Crystallography indexing | 32 |
| SHELX | Structure solution | Phasing and refinement | 33 |
| Phenix | Structure refinement | Automated model building | 34 |
| COOT | Model building | Manual model correction | 35 |
Table 3: Examples of commonly used software packages for SPA, cryo-ET, STA, and microED. Summary of commercially and publicly available software packages. Abbreviations: SPA = single-particle analysis; cryo-ET = cryo-electron tomography; STA = subtomogram averaging; MicroED = micro-electron diffraction; CTF = contrast transfer function; GUI = graphical user interface; ML = machine learning.
| Category | Software | Type | Primary Function | Key Features / Role in Facility |
| Operating System | Linux (Ubuntu, CentOS/Rocky) | OS | Core compute environment | HPC standard, GPU support, scripting, cluster deployment |
| Operating System | Windows | OS | User interface / workstation OS | Compatibility with vendor software, remote desktop access |
| File System | ZFS | File system | Data storage & integrity | Snapshots, redundancy, data integrity (checksums), scalable storage |
| Network File Sharing | NFS | Protocol | Linux-based file sharing | High-performance sharing across compute nodes |
| Network File Sharing | SMB (CIFS) | Protocol | Cross-platform file sharing | Windows–Linux interoperability |
| Remote Access | Microsoft Remote Desktop (RDP) | Remote access | GUI-based remote control | Native Windows remote access |
| Remote Access | NoMachine | Remote access | High-performance remote desktop | Fast GPU-enabled visualization, widely used in cryoEM |
| Remote Access | TeamViewer | Remote access | Remote support/access | Easy setup, cross-platform support |
| Remote Access | VirtualGL + TurboVNC | Remote visualization | GPU-accelerated remote rendering | Essential for remote cryoSPARC/RELION visualization |
| GPU Computing | CUDA | Compute framework | GPU acceleration | Required for cryoSPARC, RELION, deep learning tools |
| Data Transfer | Globus | Data transfer | Secure large-scale transfer | High-speed, fault-tolerant data movement across institutions |
Table 4: Software reference for cryo-EM facility IT operations and data processing. Reference list of key software tools covering operating systems (Linux, Windows), file systems (ZFS), network file sharing (NFS, SMB), remote access (Microsoft RDP, NoMachine, TeamViewer, VirtualGL/TurboVNC), GPU computing (CUDA), and data transfer (Globus). Abbreviations: OS = operating system; HPC = high-performance computing; NFS = Network File System; SMB = Server Message Block; CIFS = Common Internet File System; RDP = Remote Desktop Protocol; GUI = graphical user interface.
The IT infrastructure of a cryo-EM facility is not a supporting afterthought—it is an operational prerequisite. Facilities that begin data collection without adequate storage, networking, and processing capacity invariably face a choice between discarding raw data, halting data collection, or accepting months-long delays in structure determination. The protocols described here are designed to prevent these outcomes by ensuring that the computational backbone is designed, tested, and validated before the first user session.
The single most important principle in cryo-EM IT design is that storage and network capacity must be provisioned to match the data output of the detector, not the historical intuition of the facility designer. In EER mode, the detector can write 8–12 GB per movie stack; at ~15 movies per minute over a 24 h session, this yields approximately 2–5 TB of raw data before any compression. While on-the-fly lossless compression (available in CryoSPARC-Live) can reduce this by 50–70%, the network and storage must be able to handle the uncompressed write rate in the event that compression is disabled or fails. Designing for peak capacity rather than average capacity is essential.
On-the-fly processing represents one of the most impactful advances in cryo-EM facility operations in recent years. Before real-time pipelines were available, facility staff had no objective way to assess data quality until hours or days after collection, by which time the session was over and the sample grid may have been discarded. With CryoSPARC-Live, 2D class averages showing recognizable secondary structure can be available within 2–4 h of session start, enabling informed decisions about grid selection, data collection parameter adjustments, and session extension or termination. This feedback loop is perhaps the most direct way in which IT infrastructure improves scientific outcomes.
A known limitation of on-the-fly workflow is its sensitivity to configuration errors. An incorrectly specified pixel size, wrong gain reference, or mismatched dose-per-frame value will propagate through the entire pipeline, producing misleading quality metrics and corrupted particle stacks. We therefore recommend a standardized pre-session checklist that explicitly verifies all pipeline configuration parameters before data collection begins. This checklist should be treated as a safety-critical document, analogous to pre-flight checklists in aviation, as described in the broader cryo-EM facility management literature.
The choice between CryoSPARC-Live and RELION depends on facility priorities. The live-processing platform offers a superior real-time web interface, tighter integration between the live and offline processing environments, and simpler configuration for non-expert users. RELION offers more granular control over processing parameters and is the preferred platform for users who require specific algorithmic options (e.g., Bayesian polishing, specific 3D classification strategies), in comparison to 3D classification strategies (e.g. 3DVAR or 3D-classification) present in CryoSPARC. Many facilities deploy both in parallel, using CryoSPARC-Live for real-time monitoring and RELION for final structure determination.
Remote access infrastructure deserves special emphasis. In our experience, the majority of user-reported problems during data collection stem from remote access failures rather than microscope or detector issues. Reliable, low-latency remote desktop access to the microscope and data collection workstations is not a luxury—it is the primary means by which most users interact with the facility. Investing in professionally configured remote desktop servers, testing connectivity from representative user locations, and documenting the connection procedure clearly will have a larger positive impact on user experience than many more expensive hardware investments.
Finally, data management policy must be established and communicated to users before facility operations begin. Users frequently underestimate the size of their datasets and overestimate the duration of their storage allocation. A clear written policy specifying raw data retention periods, user data quotas, archival procedures, and cost recovery for storage overruns protects both the facility and its users, and prevents the operational crises that arise when storage is exhausted mid-session.
저자들은 이해관계의 충돌이 없음을 밝힙니다.
저자들은 과학적 및 기술적 지원(NIH High-End Instrumentation program, S10OD02509)을 제공한 캘리포니아 대학교 산타크루즈 캠퍼스 화학 및 생화학과의 생체분자 초저온 전자현미경 시설(Biomolecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Facility, RRID: SCR_021755)에 감사를 표합니다.
| 이름 | 회사 | 카탈로그 번호 | 댓글 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Krios 5 | ThermoFisher Scientific | https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/electron-microscopy/products/transmission-electron-microscopes/krios-5-cryo-tem.html | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| Krios G4 | ThermoFisher Scientific | https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/electron-microscopy/products/transmission-electron-microscopes/krios-g4-cryo-tem.html | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| Glacios | ThermoFisher Scientific | https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/electron-microscopy/products/transmission-electron-microscopes/glacios-cryo-tem.html | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| Glacios 2 | ThermoFisher Scientific | https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/electron-microscopy/products/transmission-electron-microscopes/glacios-2-cryo-tem.html | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| Glacios 3 | ThermoFisher Scientific | https://www.thermofisher.com/ (최신 세대; 제품 페이지는 지역마다 다를 수 있음) | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| Talos Arctica | ThermoFisher Scientific | https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/electron-microscopy/products/transmission-electron-microscopes/talos-arctica.html | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| Talos L120C | ThermoFisher Scientific | https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/electron-microscopy/products/transmission-electron-microscopes/talos-l120c.html | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| CRYO ARM 300 II (JEM-Z300FSC) | JEOL | https://www.jeol.com/products/scientific/tem/cryoarm300ii.php | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| CRYO ARM 200 | JEOL | https://www.jeol.com/products/scientific/tem/cryoarm200.php | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| JEM-3200FSC | JEOL | https://www.jeol.com/products/scientific/tem/jem3200fsc.php | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| HF8300 | Hitachi | https://www.hitachi-hightech.com/global/en/products/microscopes/tem/hf8300.html | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| HT7800 | Hitachi | https://www.hitachi-hightech.com/global/en/products/microscopes/tem/ht7800.html | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| SU9000 (TEM/STEM) | Hitachi | https://www.hitachi-hightech.com/global/en/products/microscopes/sem-tem/su9000.html | 투과 전자 현미경 |
| Falcon 4i | Thermo Fisher Scientific | https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/electron-microscopy/products/direct-electron-detectors/falcon-4i.html | 직접 전자 검출기 |
| Gatan K3 | Gatan (AMETEK) | https://gatan.com/products/tem-cameras/k3-is-camera | 직접 전자 검출기 |
| Gatan K2 | Gatan | https://gatan.com/products/tem-cameras/k2-camera | 직접 전자 검출기 |
| Apollo | Direct Electron | https://directelectron.com/apollo/ | 직접 전자 검출기 |
| DE64 | Direct Electron | https://directelectron.com/de-64/ | 직접 전자 검출기 |
| RELION | MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC-LMB), University of Cambridge | https://relion.readthedocs.io | SPA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| cryoSPARC | Structura Biotechnology | https://cryosparc.com | SPA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| EMAN2 | Baylor College of Medicine (Steven Ludtke Lab 개발) | https://blake.bcm.edu/emanwiki/EMAN2 | SPA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| cisTEM | National Research Council Canada (Tim Grant 및 동료 개발) | https://cistem.org | SPA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| SPHIRE | Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology 및 Baylor College of Medicine | https://sphire.mpg.de | SPA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| cryoDRGN | Princeton University (Ellen Zhong Lab 개발) | https://cryodrgn.cs.princeton.edu | SPA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| Topaz | Harvard Medical School (Travis Bepler Lab 개발) | https://github.com/tbepler/topaz | SPA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| crYOLO | Max Planck Institute of Biophysics | https://cryolo.readthedocs.io | SPA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| Warp | MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Dmitry Tegunov 개발) | http://www.warpem.com | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| ModelAngelo | MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology | https://www.modelangelo.org | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| IMOD | University of Colorado Boulder | https://bio3d.colorado.edu/imod | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| Dynamo | Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) | https://www.dynamo-em.org | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| emClarity | University of California, San Francisco | https://github.com/StochasticAnalytics/emClarity | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| RELION (ET 모듈) | MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC-LMB), University of Cambridge | https://relion.readthedocs.io | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| EMAN2 (SPT) | Baylor College of Medicine | https://blake.bcm.edu/emanwiki/EMAN2 | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| Warp/M | MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology | https://warpem.github.io | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| AreTomo | Stanford University (Fei Sun 및 Wah Chiu 그룹 개발) | https://github.com/czimaginginstitute/AreTomo2 | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| PEET | University of Colorado Boulder | https://bio3d.colorado.edu/PEET | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| PyTom | Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry | https://pytom.org | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| Tomo3D | Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) | https://sites.google.com/site/3demimageprocessing/tomo3d | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| crYOLO (3D) | Max Planck Institute of Biophysics | https://cryolo.readthedocs.io | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| AITom | Carnegie Mellon University | https://github.com/xulabs/aitom | cryo-ET 및 STA 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| DIALS | Diamond Light Source 및 협력자들 | https://dials.github.io | microED 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| XDS | Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (Wolfgang Kabsch 개발) | https://xds.mr.mpg.de | microED 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| MOSFLM | MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC-LMB), University of Cambridge | https://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/mosflm | microED 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| SHELX | University of Göttingen (George M. Sheldrick 개발) | https://shelx.uni-goettingen.de | microED 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| Phenix | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (PHENIX 컨소시엄) | https://phenix-online.org | microED 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| Coot | MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC-LMB), University of Cambridge | https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/personal/pemsley/coot | microED 소프트웨어 패키지 |
| Linux (Ubuntu, CentOS/Rocky) | Ubuntu: Canonical Ltd.; CentOS: CentOS Project; Rocky Linux: Rocky Enterprise Software Foundation (RESF) | https://ubuntu.com / https://www.centos.org (레거시) / https://rockylinux.org | 운영 체제 |
| Windows | Microsoft | https://www.microsoft.com/windows | 운영 체제 |
| ZFS | Oracle Corporation (원래 Sun Microsystems); OpenZFS는 OpenZFS 커뮤니티에서 유지 관리 | https://openzfs.org | 파일 시스템 |
| NFS | Sun Microsystems (현재 IETF 표준으로 유지 관리됨) | https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8881 | 프로토콜 |
| SMB (CIFS) | Microsoft | https://learn.microsoft.com/windows-server/storage/file-server/file-server-smb-overview | 프로토콜 |
| Microsoft Remote Desktop (RDP) | Microsoft | https://learn.microsoft.com/windows-server/remote/remote-desktop-services | 원격 접속 |
| NoMachine | NoMachine | https://www.nomachine.com | 원격 접속 |
| TeamViewer | TeamViewer SE | https://www.teamviewer.com | 원격 접속 |
| VirtualGL + TurboVNC | VirtualGL: The VirtualGL Project; TurboVNC: The TurboVNC Project | https://virtualgl.org 및 https://turbovnc.org | 원격 접속 |
| CUDA | NVIDIA | https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-toolkit | 컴퓨팅 프레임워크 |
