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Market equilibrium is a balance between the quantities of goods supplied and demanded. When this balance is disrupted, shortages or surpluses occur.

A shortage arises when the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at a given price.

For instance, consider a scenario where sugar is priced at four hundred dollars per metric ton. Here, the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied, leading to a shortage.

During shortages, sellers realize they could have charged more, while buyers acknowledge a willingness to pay higher prices.

Conversely, a surplus happens when the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded at a specific price.

If sugar is priced at eight hundred dollars per metric ton, a surplus occurs.

Here, sellers struggle to sell their stock, and buyers find the price too high.

However, market dynamics naturally correct these imbalances driven by the principles of supply and demand.

During shortages, suppliers increase prices and the quantity supplied, which naturally reduces the quantity demanded.

In surpluses, sellers decrease prices and the quantity supplied. As a result, the quantity demanded increases.