Name: entropy in food web energy flow
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:09.000Z
Duration: 53 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.5

Second Law of Thermodynamics

- [Instructeur] De tweede wet van de thermodynamica kan ook worden aangetoond binnen een klassiek voedselweb. Het stelt dat entropie, de hoeveelheid wanorde in een systeem, toeneemt telkens wanneer energie wordt overgedragen of getransformeerd. Wanneer primaire producenten energie van de zon ontvangen en voedsel produceren, wordt een kleine hoeveelheid omgezet in onbruikbare warmte-energie, die samen met zuurstof vrijkomt in de omgeving.

Terwijl de primaire verbruikers chemische energie uit planten halen, geven ze ook een kleine hoeveelheid warmte-energie vrij, samen met kooldioxide tijdens de stofwisseling. Tot slot is er op het niveau van de roofdieren slechts een fractie van de oorspronkelijke energie die van de zon afkomstig is, beschikbaar voor gebruik. De vrijgekomen warmte-energie en andere stofwisselingsbijproducten hebben nu de entropie van het systeem vergroot.

tweede wet van de thermodynamica

De Tweede Wet van de Thermodynamica stelt dat entropie, of de hoeveelheid wanorde in een systeem, toeneemt telkens wanneer energie wordt overgedragen of getransformeerd. Elke energieoverdracht resulteert in een bepaalde hoeveelheid energieverlies, meestal in de vorm van warmte, wat leidt tot een toename van wanorde in de omgeving. Dit principe kan ook worden aangetoond in een klassiek voedselweb. Herbivoren extraheren chemische energie uit planten en geven warmte en koolstofdioxide (CO2) af aan hun omgeving. Carnivoren verkrijgen de chemische energie die door herbivoren wordt geproduceerd, waarbij slechts een fractie daarvan nog steeds de oorspronkelijke stralingsenergie van de zon vertegenwoordigt. Ook zij geven warmte-energie en CO2 af aan hun omgeving. Als gevolg hiervan hebben de warmte-energie en andere metabolische bijproducten die vrijkomen in elke fase van het voedselweb de entropie ervan vergroot.

<h4>De tweede wet van de thermodynamica</h4>

De Tweede Wet van de Thermodynamica stelt dat entropie toeneemt telkens wanneer energie wordt overgedragen of getransformeerd. Bij elke energieoverdracht gaat een deel van de energie verloren in een onbruikbare vorm, meestal als warmte. Deze warmte-energie kan tijdelijk de bewegingssnelheid van moleculen verhogen, maar hoe meer energie een systeem verliest aan zijn omgeving, hoe minder geordend en hoe willekeuriger het wordt.

Net als de Eerste Wet van de Thermodynamica, kan ook de Tweede Wet worden geïllustreerd binnen een voedselweb. Wanneer primaire producenten (zoals planten) energie van de zon absorberen en voedsel produceren, wordt een klein deel van deze energie omgezet in warmte en samen met zuurstof (O2) vrijgegeven in het milieu.

Wanneer primaire consumenten (zoals herbivoren) chemische energie uit planten halen, geven ze tijdens de stofwisseling, naast CO2, ook een kleine hoeveelheid warmte-energie vrij. Carnivoren verkrijgen hun chemische energie uit herbivoren, waarbij slechts een fractie van de energie nog steeds de oorspronkelijke stralingsenergie van de zon vertegenwoordigt. Ook zij geven warmte-energie en CO2 af aan hun omgeving. De vrijkomende warmte-energie en andere metabolische bijproducten hebben dus de entropie binnen het voedselweb vergroot, aangezien bij elke energieoverdracht een deel van de energie als warmte wordt verspreid, wat bijdraagt aan een grotere wanorde in het systeem.

Tweede wet van de thermodynamica

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. ...

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entropy in food web energy flow

The Second Law of Thermodynamics explains why entropy increases as energy moves through a system. Entropy means the amount of disorder in a system. Each time energy is transferred or transformed, some energy is lost as unusable heat. That heat can raise the motion of nearby molecules for a short time and make the surroundings less ordered and more random.

This idea also appears in a food web. Primary producers, such as plants, take in energy from the sun and make food. During this process, some energy becomes unusable heat and is released into the environment with oxygen. When primary consumers, like herbivores, eat plants, they harvest chemical energy and also give off heat and carbon dioxide during metabolism.

Carnivores then use the chemical energy made by herbivores. Only a fraction of that energy still traces back to the original radiant energy from the sun. At each step, heat energy and other metabolic by-products are released into the surroundings. As a result, entropy increases across the food web.

Entropy in Food Web Energy Flow

what is metabolism?

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Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in a cell. It includes anabolism, which builds molecules, and catabolism, which breaks them down. These reactions help cells manage energy and keep life processes running. Cells use metabolism to turn food into energy, make cell parts, and remove waste products. Food stores potential energy in the bonds between atoms. Catabolic pathways break large food molecules into smaller ones and release that energy. Anabolic pathways use that energy...

first law of thermodynamics

Energy Flow in a Food Web

Energy flow in a food web shows the First Law of Thermodynamics in action. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form as it moves through living things and the environment. Sunlight is the starting point. Plants capture radiant energy from the sun during photosynthesis and turn it into chemical energy stored in complex carbohydrates. At the same time, oxygen is released into the atmosphere. Herbivores eat the plants and use those sugars during digestion. The energy is...

second law of thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics explains why entropy increases as energy moves through a system. Entropy means the amount of disorder in a system. Each time energy is transferred or transformed, some energy is lost as unusable heat. That heat can raise the motion of nearby molecules for a short time and make the surroundings less ordered and more random. This idea also appears in a food web. Primary producers, such as plants, take in energy from the sun and make food. During this process,...

kinetic energy

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potential energy

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free energy

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enzyme kinetics

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enzyme inhibition

Competitive vs Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to enzymes. Cells use these inhibitors to help regulate normal enzyme function. Drugs and toxins can also block enzymes and change how they work. Some inhibitors bind at the active site, which is the part of the enzyme where the substrate normally fits. Competitive inhibitors do this by occupying the active site and preventing the substrate from binding. If the substrate concentration becomes high enough, it can outcompete...

feedback inhibition

How Cells Control Product Buildup

Cells use enzymes to run biochemical reactions and make the products they need. These reactions are happening constantly, and enzymes speed them up so they happen fast enough to matter. Enzyme activity also has to be regulated. Cells need the right amounts of starting materials, intermediate metabolites, and final products. If these substances build up too much or drop too low, the cell can be harmed. That is why cells use control systems to keep metabolic levels balanced. One important...

allosteric regulation

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cofactors and coenzymes

Enzyme Helpers: Metals, Vitamins, and More

Enzyme helpers are needed for many enzymes to work properly. These helpers fall into two groups: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions, while coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both can be tightly bound to an enzyme or attach only when the substrate binds. Cofactors are common in mature proteins, appearing in about 30% of them. They are often added as the enzyme folds and help with catalytic activity. Magnesium is one important cofactor, and it is needed by more than...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the Second Law of Thermodynamics increases entropy as energy moves through food webs, from plants to herbivores and carnivores.

Entropy in Food Web Energy Flow | JoVE K12

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Entropy in Food Web Energy Flow

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