Name: how prokaryotic dna is copied
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:08.548Z
Duration: 2 min 57 s
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Replication in Prokaryotes

- [Instructeur] In prokaryoten, DNA replicatie begint wanneer initiator eiwitten zich binden aan het begin van replicatie, een kleine DNA regio wat een specifieke sequentie van basen bevat, wat een complex cre&#xEB;ert.
 Dit complex helpt om aanvankelijk het DNA te scheiden.
 Dan bindt het enzym DNA helicase zich hieraan en begint het het DNA uit te rollen door de waterstofbruggen tussen de aanvullende onderdelen te breken.
De nieuw geopende gebieden worden gestabiliseerd door enkelstrengse DNA bindende eiwitten.
 Elk van deze kan nu dienen als een model voor de synthese van een nieuw DNA strengel.
 Het uitrollen en synthetiseren gebeurt in beide richtingen van het originele punt, wat twee replicatie vorken produceert.
Voor de vorken worden topoisomerase enzymen aan het DNA verbonden welke torsie belasting verminderen terwijl het molecuul zich uitrolt.
 Wanneer de strengen gescheiden zijn, synthetiseert een ander enzym, primase, een RNA primer, een korte strook van RNA welke de DNA sequentie aanvult.
 De primer biedt een plaats voor het enzym DNA polymerase om nucleotiden aanvullend aan de DNA sequentie toe te voegen wat een nieuwe DNA streng vormt tijdens een proces dat elongatie genoemd wordt.
DNA polymerase synthetiseert DNA in de vijf hoofd- tot drie hoofdrichtingen van het molecuul.
 Dus, de synthese van deze streng, de leidende streng, gaat ononderbroken door.
 De andere streng, de achterblijvende streng, heeft de tegenovergestelde ori&#xEB;ntatie.
Bijgevolg wordt DNA gesynthetiseerd in korte stukjes die Okazaki fragmenten genoemd worden, verlengd door bijkomstige RNA primers, achterwaarts van de algemene richting van beweging van de replicatie vork.
 De RNA primers worden dan uitgesneden uit de enzymen zoals RNAse, vervangen door DNA, en de DNA fragmenten worden samengevoegd bij het enzym DNA-ligase, wat een ononderbroken streng vormt.
 DNA replicatie vindt plaats rondom het complete molecuul, wat in twee ronde DNA moleculen resulteert.
Dit wordt beschouwd als een semi-conservatief proces, omdat elk molecuul een oude streng bevat maar ook een nieuwe streng.

replicatie in prokaryoten

<h4>Overzicht</h4>

DNA-replicatie bestaat uit drie hoofdstappen: initiatie, verlenging en be&#xEB;indiging. Replicatie in prokaryoten begint wanneer initiator-eiwitten binden aan de enkele replicatieoorsprong (ori) op het circulaire chromosoom van de cel. De replicatie verloopt vervolgens rond de hele cirkel van het chromosoom in elke richting vanaf twee replicatievorken, wat resulteert in twee DNA-moleculen.

<h4>Veel eiwitten werken samen om het chromosoom te repliceren</h4>

Replicatie wordt geco&#xF6;rdineerd en uitgevoerd door een groot aantal gespecialiseerde eiwitten. Topoisomerase breekt &#xE9;&#xE9;n kant van de dubbelstrengige DNA-fosfaat-suiker-skelet, waardoor de DNA-helix sneller kan ontspannen, terwijl helicase de bindingen tussen basenparen bij de vork verbreekt, waardoor het DNA in twee matrijsstrengen wordt gescheiden. Eiwitten die enkelstrengige DNA-moleculen binden, stabiliseren de strengen terwijl de replicatievork langs het chromosoom beweegt. DNA kan alleen worden gesynthetiseerd in de 5&#x2019; naar 3&#x2019; richting, dus &#xE9;&#xE9;n streng van het sjabloon &#x2013; de leidende streng &#x2013; wordt continu verlengd, terwijl de andere streng &#x2013; de achterblijvende streng &#x2013; wordt gesynthetiseerd in kortere ketens van 1000-2000 basenparen, de zogenaamde Okazaki-fragmenten.

<h4>Meerdere polymerasen nemen deel aan verlenging</h4>

Veel van het onderzoek om prokaryotische DNA-replicatie te begrijpen is uitgevoerd in de bacterie Escherichia coli, een veelgebruikt modelorganisme. E. coli heeft vijf DNA-polymerasen: Pol I, II, III, IV en V. Pol III is verantwoordelijk voor het grootste deel van de DNA-replicatie. Het kan ongeveer 1.000 basenparen per seconde polymeriseren. Door dit verbazingwekkende tempo kunnen de machines die aanwezig zijn bij de twee replicatievorken het E. coli-chromosoom &#x2013; 4,6 miljoen basenparen &#x2013; in ongeveer 40 minuten dupliceren. DNA-polymerase I is ook goed gekarakteriseerd; zijn primaire rol is het verwijderen van de RNA-primers vanaf het begin van Okazaki-fragmenten op de achterblijvende streng.

<h4>Wanneer verdeeldheid de duplicatie overtreft</h4>

Onder gunstige groeiomstandigheden zal E. coli zich elke 20 minuten delen, ongeveer de helft van de tijd die nodig is om het genoom te repliceren. Hoe is dit mogelijk als beide dochtercellen hun eigen DNA moeten hebben? Wetenschappers ontdekten dat de bacteri&#xEB;n een nieuwe ronde van DNA-replicatie kunnen beginnen vanaf de oorsprong van de replicatie voordat de eerste ronde voltooid is. Dit betekent dat dochtercellen een chromosoom ontvangen dat al gekopieerd wordt en bereid zijn zich zeer snel weer te delen.

Replicatie in prokaryoten

Overview

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to ...

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how prokaryotic dna is copied

Prokaryotic DNA is copied through a coordinated process with three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. It begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication, or ori, on the cell’s circular chromosome. The DNA then copies around the circle in both directions, starting from two replication forks, and this produces two DNA molecules.

Several proteins work together to open and protect the DNA during replication. Topoisomerase cuts one side of the double-stranded DNA phosphate-sugar backbone so the helix can unwind more quickly. Helicase breaks the bonds between base pairs at the fork and separates the DNA into two template strands. Single-strand DNA-binding proteins then stabilize the exposed strands as the fork moves along the chromosome.

DNA synthesis can only happen in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Because of this, the leading strand is made continuously, while the lagging strand is made in short sections called Okazaki fragments. These fragments are about 1000 to 2000 base pairs long.

Research on this process has often used Escherichia coli, a common model organism. E. coli has five DNA polymerases: Pol I, II, III, IV, and V. Pol III does most of the replication and can add about 1,000 base pairs per second. That speed helps the two replication forks copy the 4.6 million base pair chromosome in about 40 minutes. Pol I is also well studied, and its main role is to remove the RNA primers at the start of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

Under favorable growth conditions, E. coli can divide every 20 minutes, which is faster than the time needed to copy the genome once. Scientists found that the cell can start another round of replication before the first one is finished. As a result, daughter cells receive a chromosome that is already being copied and can divide again very quickly.

How Prokaryotic DNA Is Copied

the dna helix

How DNA Stores Genetic Information

DNA stores genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is built from two strands of nucleotides that twist together into a double helix. The story of how scientists uncovered this structure developed step by step over nearly a century. Each DNA strand is made of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). Adenine and...

dna packaging

Chromatin and Histones in DNA Packing

Eukaryotic cells must pack long DNA molecules into the nucleus, and chromatin makes that possible. DNA wraps around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which are the main unit of DNA packaging. Nucleosomes then coil into compact chromatin fibers. The amount of DNA in a cell is much larger than it first seems. A single human skin cell has about 3 billion base pairs of DNA, and if that DNA were stretched out in a line, it would be about 2 meters long. With about 50 trillion cells in...

organization of genes

Genes, Introns, and Regulatory DNA

Eukaryotic genes are arranged within DNA along with non-coding regions that help control gene activity. A DNA strand includes genes and intergenic regions, which are the stretches between genes. These regions do not code for proteins, but they can contain important regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers, and silencers. A gene itself is not a single continuous coding block. It usually contains protein-coding exons and non-coding introns. After DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA in the...

karyotyping

Chromosome Stains for Detecting Disorders

Chromosome staining helps scientists find genetic disorders by showing the number and physical features of chromosomes. These features appear after DNA condenses into chromosomes during mitosis. Cytogeneticists then stop mitosis and stain the chromosomes to study their banding pattern. The pattern reveals details such as chromosome number, shape, and type. A chromosome description like this is called a karyotype. To create one, scientists take an image of the stained chromosomes and identify...

replication in prokaryotes

Prokaryotic DNA is copied through a coordinated process with three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. It begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication, or ori, on the cell’s circular chromosome. The DNA then copies around the circle in both directions, starting from two replication forks, and this produces two DNA molecules. Several proteins work together to open and protect the DNA during replication. Topoisomerase cuts one side of the...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying and Telomeres

Eukaryotic DNA copying is tightly regulated and must duplicate many linear chromosomes before cell division. The process is highly conserved and uses many proteins with specialized roles. It moves through initiation, elongation, and termination, and it ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus. Eukaryotic replication shares basic steps with prokaryotic DNA replication, but the larger genome and linear chromosomes require more proteins. Replication begins at multiple origins of...

proofreading

DNA Polymerase Fixes Replication Errors

DNA polymerase helps copy DNA and fix mistakes during replication. It adds nucleotides in a sequence that matches the template DNA strand. The enzyme also has a higher affinity for the correct base, which helps keep DNA replication accurate. As new genomic DNA is made, it is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. In many cells, DNA polymerases have different jobs in this process. DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase epsilon can proofread when nuclear DNA is being copied. These polymerases...

mismatch repair

DNA Mismatch Repair in Replication

DNA mismatch repair fixes copying errors that happen during DNA replication. When DNA polymerase makes a mistake, the cell can detect a wrong base pair, such as A with G or T with C, and replace it with the correct nucleotide. This repair system works in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and depends on several proteins. The Mutator protein family plays a central role in this process. In bacteria such as Escherichia coli, MutS first binds the mismatch. MutL then helps identify which strand is the...

nucleotide excision repair

DNA Damage Repair by Excision

DNA damage repair by excision protects cells from mutagens that can change DNA. Exposure to environmental mutagens can create bulky lesions that bend the double helix or block transcription. If these changes are not repaired, they can lead to mutations and may contribute to cancer or disease, depending on which DNA sequences are affected. Nucleotide excision repair, or NER, is the process that detects and removes this kind of damage. Specialized proteins scan the DNA for a damaged region, then...

mutations

DNA Changes From Point Mutations to UV Damage

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence. They can happen by chance during DNA copying, or they can be caused by environmental factors such as radiation and chemicals. Scientists also describe mutations by how much DNA they affect, how they change a protein, and whether they happen in body cells or germline cells. Some mutations affect only one nucleotide, which is a point mutation. When a point mutation falls inside a gene, the outcome depends on how the amino acid sequence changes. A silent...

transcription

Transcription and Gene Control

Transcription and gene control explain how cells make RNA from DNA and decide which genes are active. RNA polymerase copies a DNA sequence into RNA, and this is the first step in making a protein from a gene. Many other proteins and control sequences help make messenger RNA, or mRNA, correctly. In eukaryotes, the DNA is first copied into a primary RNA, also called pre-mRNA. This RNA can then be processed into mature mRNA, which serves as the template for protein synthesis. In prokaryotes such...

translation

Protein Synthesis and mRNA Decoding

Protein synthesis begins when ribosomes decode messenger RNA (mRNA) and build a chain of amino acids. This final step of gene expression is called translation. The finished chain is a polypeptide, which can later become a functional protein. Proteins are often called the building blocks of life because they make up much of the body, from muscle fibers to hairs and immune system parts. The instructions for each protein are encoded in genes found in the DNA of every cell. In biology, the central...

bacterial transformation

Griffith’s Mouse Experiment and DNA

Bacterial transformation explains how DNA can move into bacteria and change their traits. Frederick Griffith first noticed this in 1928 while studying pneumonia-causing Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. He compared one pathogenic strain with one non-pathogenic strain and found that only the pathogenic strain killed the host mice. Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic bacteria and mixed their remains with live, non-pathogenic bacteria. The mixture killed the mice,...

key terms and concepts

Explore how prokaryotic DNA is copied, from origin binding and replication forks to leading and lagging strands, polymerases, and fast E. coli division.

How Prokaryotic DNA Is Copied | JoVE K12

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MicroRNAs

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Integrate evidence to develop a structural model of a DNA molecule. Using the model, develop and communicate an explanation for how DNA serves as a template for self-replication and encodes biological information.
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BIO1.LS1.6

How Prokaryotic DNA Is Copied

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