Name: protein synthesis and mrna decoding
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:21:13.325Z
Duration: 1 min 37 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.3

Translation

- [Presentator] Translatie is het proces waarbij een prote&#xEF;ne gesynthetiseerd wordt vanuit een messenger-RNA template.
 Dit proces begint wanneer de kleine subunit van een ribosoom gekoppeld aan een methionine tRNA zich verbindt met het 5&#x27;uiteinde van een mRNA.
 De kleine subunit begint dan te scannen in een 5&#x27; uiteinde naar 3&#x27; uiteinde richting tot het een AUG-codon tegenkomt dat zal dienen als de initiatie-site voor de translatie.
Vervolgens zal het anti-codon van het methionine tRNA koppelen met het AUG-codon en de grote ribosomale subunit rekruteren.
 De synthese van het nieuwe prote&#xEF;ne begint wanneer een tRNA dat zijn aminozuur draagt zich verbindt met het volgende codon van de mRNA door zijn anti-codon.
 Deze actie plaatst het nieuwe aminozuur dichtbij het voorheen ge&#xEF;ncorporeerde aminozuur dat een peptidebinding vormt tussen de twee aminozuren.
De translatie gaat verder terwijl het ribosoom zich verplaatst naar de volgende codon in de sequentie.
 Deze voorwaartse beweging wordt translocatie genoemd en zal verder gaan tot het ribosoom een stop-codon tegenkomt.
 Stop-codons zijn uniek, in de zin dat ze geen tRNA&#x27;s hebben.
In plaats daarvan binden prote&#xEF;nes, afgiftefactoren genoemd, aan de stop-codon waardoor het ribosoom het nieuw gesynthetiseerd prote&#xEF;ne vrijgeeft en het ribosoom zich dissocieert.
 Aminozuursequentie

vertaling

<h4>Vertalen</h4>

Translatie is het proces waarbij eiwitten worden gesynthetiseerd uit de genetische informatie die wordt gedragen door messenger RNA (mRNA). Na transcriptie vormt het de laatste stap in de expressie van genen. Dit proces wordt uitgevoerd door ribosomen, eiwitcomplexen en gespecialiseerde RNA-moleculen. Ribosomen, transfer-RNA (tRNA) en andere eiwitten produceren een keten van aminozuren &#x2014;het polypeptide&#x2014; als het eindproduct van de vertaling.

<h4>Vertalen brengt de bouwstenen van het leven voort</h4>

Eiwitten worden de bouwstenen van het leven genoemd omdat ze de overgrote meerderheid van alle organismen vormen &#x2013; van spiervezels tot haren op je hoofd en onderdelen van je immuunsysteem &#x2013; en de blauwdruk voor elk van deze eiwitten wordt gecodeerd door de genen gevonden in het DNA van elke cel. Het centrale dogma in de biologie bepaalt dat genetische informatie wordt omgezet in functionele eiwitten door de processen van transcriptie en vertaling.

<h4>Translatie vindt plaats buiten de kern</h4>

Eukaryoten hebben een membraangebonden kern waar mRNA uit DNA wordt getranscribeerd. Na transcriptie wordt mRNA uit de kern getransporteerd om te worden vertaald in een keten van aminozuren &#x2014;een polypeptide&#x2014; en uiteindelijk in een functioneel eiwit. Dit kan plaatsvinden in het cytoplasma of in het ruwe endoplasmatisch reticulum, waar de polypeptiden verder worden gemodificeerd. Prokaryoten daarentegen missen een nucleair compartiment, dus translatie in prokaryoten vindt plaats in het cytoplasma terwijl het mRNA nog steeds wordt getranscribeerd.

<h4>De volgorde van codons in mRNA bepaalt de polypeptidesequentie</h4>

Elk codon in het mRNA komt overeen met een van de twintig aminozuren die een cel op voorraad houdt, evenals stopcodons die niet coderen voor aminozuren. Een ander RNA-molecuul, transfer-RNA (tRNA), is verantwoordelijk voor het leveren van het juiste aminozuur, gebaseerd op de codonsequentie, aan de ribosomen tijdens translatie. Aan het ene uiteinde van het tRNA-molecuul hechten enzymen, aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetasen genaamd, het specifieke aminozuur covalent aan de bevestigingsplaats, terwijl de anticodonsequentie aan het andere uiteinde van het tRNA ervoor zorgt dat het juiste aminozuur aan het ribosoom wordt afgeleverd. Sommige tRNA-moleculen kunnen zich aan meer dan &#xE9;&#xE9;n codonsequentie binden, waardoor coderingsveelzijdigheid mogelijk wordt gemaakt die bekend staat als het wiebeleffect. Dit komt door het feit dat tRNA-moleculen een lagere bindingsspecificiteit hebben voor het derde nucleotide in de mRNA-codonsequentie in vergelijking met de eerste twee nucleotiden.

<h4>Sommige erfelijke ziekten komen voort uit vertaalfouten</h4>

Vertaling is een complex proces dat afhankelijk is van een breed scala aan cellulaire componenten. Mutaties die een invloed hebben op een onderdeel van deze diverse toolkit kunnen ziekten veroorzaken. De ijzerstapelingsziekte hyperferritinemie, ook bekend als cataractsyndroom, is bijvoorbeeld het gevolg van mutaties in de 5&#x2019; onvertaalde regio van het mRNA, een regio die belangrijk is voor het rekruteren van translatie-initiatie-eiwitten. Deze mutaties veroorzaken abnormaal hoge translatiesnelheden van het ijzereiwit ferritine, waardoor dit zich ophoopt in het bloed en de weefsels van getroffen pati&#xEB;nten. Als gevolg hiervan worden de lenzen van de ogen troebel. Andere ziekten zijn gekoppeld aan mutaties in de genen die coderen voor tRNA&#x27;s en de ribosomale subeenheden. De beenmergziekte Diamond-Blackfan-anemie komt bijvoorbeeld voort uit mutaties in het RPS19-gen, een onderdeel van de kleine ribosomale subeenheid.

Vertaling

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following ...

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

protein synthesis and mrna decoding

Protein synthesis begins when ribosomes decode messenger RNA (mRNA) and build a chain of amino acids. This final step of gene expression is called translation. The finished chain is a polypeptide, which can later become a functional protein.

Proteins are often called the building blocks of life because they make up much of the body, from muscle fibers to hairs and immune system parts. The instructions for each protein are encoded in genes found in the DNA of every cell. In biology, the central dogma describes how genetic information moves from DNA to RNA and then to protein through transcription and translation.

In eukaryotes, translation happens after mRNA leaves the nucleus. The mRNA is made by transcription in the nucleus, then moved to the cytoplasm or to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the rough endoplasmic reticulum, polypeptides can be further modified. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, so translation takes place in the cytoplasm while the mRNA is still being transcribed.

The order of codons in mRNA determines the order of amino acids in the polypeptide. A codon is a three-base sequence that matches one amino acid or a stop signal. Transfer RNA, or tRNA, brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome. Enzymes called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases attach the amino acid to one end of the tRNA, and the anticodon at the other end helps match it to the mRNA codon. Some tRNAs can pair with more than one codon, a flexibility called the wobble effect because the third base in the codon is less tightly matched.

Problems in translation can lead to disease because this process depends on many cell parts. One example is hyperferritinemia, also called cataract syndrome. It is linked to mutations in the 5' untranslated region of mRNA, which helps recruit translation initiation proteins. These mutations can increase ferritin production and cause the protein to build up in blood and tissues, making the eye lens cloudy. Other disorders are connected to tRNA genes and ribosomal subunits. Diamond-Blackfan anemia, for example, can result from mutations in the RPS19 gene, which encodes part of the small ribosomal subunit.

Protein Synthesis and mRNA Decoding

the dna helix

How DNA Stores Genetic Information

DNA stores genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is built from two strands of nucleotides that twist together into a double helix. The story of how scientists uncovered this structure developed step by step over nearly a century. Each DNA strand is made of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). Adenine and...

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karyotyping

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replication in eukaryotes

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mismatch repair

DNA Mismatch Repair in Replication

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mutations

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transcription

Transcription and Gene Control

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translation

Protein synthesis begins when ribosomes decode messenger RNA (mRNA) and build a chain of amino acids. This final step of gene expression is called translation. The finished chain is a polypeptide, which can later become a functional protein. Proteins are often called the building blocks of life because they make up much of the body, from muscle fibers to hairs and immune system parts. The instructions for each protein are encoded in genes found in the DNA of every cell. In biology, the central...

bacterial transformation

Griffith’s Mouse Experiment and DNA

Bacterial transformation explains how DNA can move into bacteria and change their traits. Frederick Griffith first noticed this in 1928 while studying pneumonia-causing Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. He compared one pathogenic strain with one non-pathogenic strain and found that only the pathogenic strain killed the host mice. Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic bacteria and mixed their remains with live, non-pathogenic bacteria. The mixture killed the mice,...

key terms and concepts

Learn how ribosomes, tRNA, and codons work together in translation to build proteins, and how translation errors can cause disease in cells.

Protein Synthesis and mRNA Decoding | JoVE K12

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Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Life Science

LS.10

LS.10.a

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New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

HS-LS1-1

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L3

HS+B.L3U1.11

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.7

BIO.7.B

Characteristics of Life

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Compare and contrast existing models, identify patterns, and use structural and functional evidence to analyze the characteristics of life. Engage in argument about the designation of viruses as non-living based on these characteristics.
EXPLANATION: Students begin to develop patterns of living and non-living organisms in kindergarten and build on detailed characteristics of different classifications of living organisms throughout elementary and middle school. Biology 1 discussions introduce viral particles and viral cycles, building on student understanding of living organisms to engage in an argument regarding the classification of a viral particle as either living or non-living.

BIO1.LS1.1

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Evaluate comparative models of various cell types with a focus on organic molecules that make up cellular structures.
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BIO1.LS1.2

Nucleic Acids

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The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

DNA Packaging

Overview

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. In order to fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotes must pack their DNA tightly inside ...

Organization of Genes

Overview

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Karyotyping

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Overview

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Overview

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Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene ...

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Overview
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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs ...

MicroRNAs

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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conservation-of-protein-domains-over-different-proteins

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Conjugated Proteins

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Allosteric Proteins-ATCase

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Phosphorylation

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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

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Integrate evidence to develop a structural model of a DNA molecule. Using the model, develop and communicate an explanation for how DNA serves as a template for self-replication and encodes biological information.
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BIO1.LS1.6

Protein Synthesis and mRNA Decoding

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