Name: ecosystem zones and climate
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:39.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.4.1

What is an Ecosystem?

- [Instructeur] Ecosystemen zijn de som van alle interacties tussen biotische, levende, en abiotische, niet-levende factoren in het milieu. Ze behoren tot een van de twee algemene categorieën, terrestrisch of aquatisch. De belangrijkste types van ecosystemen worden biomen genoemd.

Terrestrische biomen, zoals woestijnen, regenwouden en de toendra worden ingedeeld volgens twee hoofdfactoren, jaarlijkse regenval en temperatuur. Van de aquatische biomen zijn die met zoetwater het zeldzaamst. Want meren, rivieren, stromen en bronnen vormen minder dan twee percent van het aardoppervlak.

Toch bestaan deze ecosystemen uit een grote diversiteit aan dieren en planten. Oceaanbiomen, die 75 % van het aardoppervlak vormen omvatten de ondiepe wateren, open oceaanoppervlak en diepe oceaan. De ondiepe wateren ondersteunen het grootste deel van de diversiteit van de oceaan in de ecosystemen van de koraalriffen.

Het open oceaanoppervlak ondersteunt veel van de fotosynthetische organismen op aarde en zelfs de diepe oceaan bevat een aantal organismen, hoewel licht er niet kan doordringen.

wat is een ecosysteem?

<h4>Overzicht</h4>

Een ecosysteem is de interactie tussen alle abiotische en biotische factoren in een omgeving en kan worden geclassificeerd als terrestrisch of aquatisch. Terrestrische ecosystemen worden gecategoriseerd op basis van het klimaat, inclusief de jaarlijkse temperatuur, regenval en seizoensinvloeden. Aquatische ecosystemen worden verder gescheiden in zoetwater en zeewater, en vervolgens in diepte, wat van invloed is op de watertemperatuur en de hoeveelheid zonlicht die het water binnendringt.

<h4>Terrestrische ecosystemen</h4>

Terrestrische ecosystemen worden geclassificeerd in biomen, gekenmerkt door zowel het klimaat van de omgeving als de soorten organismen die daar leven. Gebieden nabij de evenaar van de aarde die hoge seizoenstemperaturen en grote hoeveelheden jaarlijkse regenval vertonen, zijn regenwouden en herbergen enkele van de meest uiteenlopende habitats ter wereld. Ecosystemen met hoge temperaturen maar onvoldoende jaarlijkse regenval zijn woestijnen. Hoewel woestijnecosystemen deze kenmerken delen, kan hun biodiversiteit enorm variëren.

Aan de andere kant van het spectrum is het ecosysteem met zeer lage jaartemperaturen en weinig jaarlijkse regenval het arctische bioom. Dit ecosysteem heeft de laagste biodiversiteit. Tussen deze drie grote biomen bevinden zich de seizoensgebonden toendra-, gematigde grasland- en savanne-ecosystemen. Deze ecosystemen vertonen jaarlijkse oscillerende veranderingen in zowel temperatuur als regenval en herbergen dieren en planten die specifiek zijn aangepast aan die seizoensveranderingen.

<h4>Zoetwaterecosystemen</h4>

Aquatische ecosystemen zijn verder onderverdeeld in twee categorieën: zoetwater- en mariene omgevingen. Zoetwaterecosystemen – de zeldzaamste van de ecosystemen die ongeveer 2% van het aardoppervlak uitmaken – omvatten meren, rivieren, beken en wetlands. De belangrijkste factoren die de biodiversiteit binnen deze ecosystemen beïnvloeden zijn de waterstroom, temperatuur en diepte.

Het ondiepe gebied nabij de randen van vijvers en meren wordt de kustzone genoemd. De kustzone is het warmste deel van het waterlichaam en omvat veel waterproducenten, consumenten en dieren die zowel een land- als een waterlevensstijl hebben. De limnetische zone, of het diepwateroppervlak, is goed verlicht en wordt gedomineerd door plankton. De profundale zone, of diep water, bestaat voornamelijk uit organismen die dode organismen eten en niet aan fotosynthese doen omdat er weinig licht in de diepte doordringt.

In beken en rivieren stroomt het water snel, waardoor zuurstof wordt gerecycled en het water relatief koel blijft. De soortendiversiteit houdt relatie met de breedte en diepte van de rivier, waarbij grotere delen van de rivier diverser zijn dan de smallere delen. Ten slotte zijn wetlands gebieden met ondiep stilstaand water, zoals moerassen, moerassen en moerassen, en worden ze gekenmerkt door vaak warme en vochtige omgevingen. Deze ecosystemen hebben de hoogste biodiversiteit van alle zoetwaterecosystemen, waaronder een verscheidenheid aan planten-, dieren-, schimmels- en bacterieleven.

<h4>Mariene ecosystemen</h4>

Mariene ecosystemen – de meest voorkomende die bijna 75% van het aardoppervlak uitmaken – verschillen van zoetwaterecosystemen vanwege het hoge zoutgehalte van het water. Ze zijn ook gescheiden op basis van de waterdiepte: ondiepe oceaan, diep oceaanwater en diep oceaanoppervlak. Het meest diverse van deze ecosystemen is het ondiepe water, waar de meeste koraalriffen ter wereld en het bijbehorende zeeleven te vinden zijn. Naast de ondiepe oceaan herbergt het diepe oceaanoppervlak ook een verscheidenheid aan zeeleven – vanwege de hoeveelheid zonlicht die binnendringt – inclusief plankton, dat ongeveer 40% van alle fotosynthese op aarde uitvoert.

Vanwege de minimale hoeveelheden licht die de diepten van het water binnendringen, bevat het ecosysteem van de diepe oceaan een minder diverse maar vaak ongebruikelijke reeks organismen die zijn aangepast aan de duisternis en hoge druk. Dit ecosysteem is ook het minst bekende van alle ecosystemen vanwege de enorme hoeveelheid ruimte die het bestrijkt. Wetenschappers zijn nu echter in staat deze grens te verkennen dankzij nieuwe technologieën zoals het door mensen bezette voertuig Alvin. Momenteel heeft dit voertuig onderzoekers toegang gegeven tot 2/3 van de oceaanbodem tot een diepte van 4.500 meter.

<h4>Ecosysteemdynamiek</h4>

Ongeacht de kenmerken van het specifieke ecosysteem delen ze allemaal dezelfde dynamische processen van energie- en materietransformatie door middel van fotosynthese en voedingsrelaties tussen organismen. Ecosystemen worden aangedreven door een constante instroom van zonne-energie die door het ecosysteem stroomt terwijl de materie wordt gerecycled.

Wat is een ecosysteem?

Overview

An ecosystem is the interaction between all abiotic and biotic factors in an environment and can be classified as terrestrial or aquatic. ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologie

Ecology

Ecologie

Ecosystems

Ecosystemen

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

ecosystem zones and climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water.

Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual rainfall, so they support some of the most diverse habitats on Earth. Deserts also have high temperatures, but they receive too little rainfall, so their biodiversity can vary widely. At the other end, the arctic biome has very low temperatures and low rainfall, and it has the lowest biodiversity.

Between these major biomes are tundra, temperate grassland, and savanna ecosystems. These areas show yearly changes in temperature and rainfall. The plants and animals there are adapted to those seasonal shifts.

Freshwater ecosystems are the rarest ecosystems and cover about 2% of Earth’s surface. They include lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands. Water flow, temperature, and depth shape the biodiversity in these systems.

In ponds and lakes, the littoral zone is the shallow edge. It is the warmest part of the water body and contains many producers, consumers, and animals that live both on land and in water. The limnetic zone is the deep-water surface and gets enough light for plankton. The profundal zone is deeper water, where little light reaches and organisms often feed on dead matter rather than photosynthesize.

Streams and rivers move quickly. This flow adds oxygen to the water and helps keep it cool. Biodiversity also depends on river width and depth, and larger sections are usually more diverse than narrow ones. Wetlands are shallow areas of standing water, such as marshes, swamps, and bogs. They are often hot and moist and have the highest biodiversity of the freshwater ecosystems, with many plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.

Marine ecosystems are the most common and cover almost 75% of Earth’s surface. They differ from freshwater ecosystems because of high salinity. Marine systems are also divided by depth into shallow ocean, deep ocean surface, and deep ocean water. Shallow water is the most diverse and includes most coral reefs and their associated marine life.

The deep ocean surface still receives enough sunlight to support many organisms, including plankton. Plankton carries out around 40% of all photosynthesis on Earth. In the deep ocean, light is limited, so the ecosystem has fewer species, but many are unusual and adapted to darkness and high pressure. It is also the least known ecosystem because it covers such a large area. New tools, such as the human occupied vehicle Alvin, now let scientists explore this frontier and reach about 2/3 of the ocean floor down to 4,500 m.

All ecosystems share the movement of energy and matter through photosynthesis and feeding relationships. Solar energy enters the ecosystem and moves through living things. Matter is recycled as organisms interact and feed.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how climate, depth, and sunlight shape terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, from rainforests to the deep ocean.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

ESS.EES.4.2

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.N

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.I

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.H

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-7

Life Sciences

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

HS-LS2-6

Environmental Science

Resources And Resource Management

HS-EVS1-1

Environmental Awareness And Protection

HS-EVS2-3

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Physical Geology

Earth's Resources

Soil and sediment

Tennessee Academic Standards

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

BIO1.LS2.4

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.8

BIO.8.b

BIO.8.c

ES.8

ES.8.b

ES.8.d

ES.10

ES.10.a

LS.5

LS.5.b

LS.7

LS.7.a

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L2

HS.L2U1.19

Alabama Course of Study Science

Ecosystems: Interactions Energy and Dynamics

9-12.B.2.6

Unity and Diversity

9-12.EVS.2.3

9-12.EVS.3.4

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-ESS2-1

HS-ESS2-2

HS-ESS2-6

Earth and Human Activity

HS-ESS3-1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.7

SC.912.E.7.3

SC.912.E.7.4

SC.912.L.17

SC.912.L.17.7

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.13

BIO.13.B

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS2-1.

B-LS2-2.

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS3-1.

E-ESS3-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SEV1.

SEV1.b

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS2-3.

HS-LS2-4.

HS-LS2-2.

Entomology

SEN1.

SEN1.d

Oceanography

SO3.

SO3.2

SO3.3

SEC1.

SEC1.a

SB5.c

myJoVE Corporation

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Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

ESS.EES.2.1

Analyze and interpret data to predict locations of volcanoes and earthquakes based on plate boundaries.

ESS.EES.2.2

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Use models to explain how plate tectonics influence topography.

ESS.EES.2.3

The Soil Ecosystem

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Conditions on Early Earth

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ESS.EES.2.4

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

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