Name: nitrogen in soil and living things
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 49 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Nitrogen Cycle

- [Verteller] De stikstofkringloop houdt de verplaatsing in van stikstofatomen tussen biotische en abiotische onderdelen in het ecosysteem. Het grootste deel van de stikstof in het ecosysteem wordt in de atmosfeer bewaard als het gas N2, maar alleen bacteriën bevatten de benodigde enzymen om stikstofgas tot een vorm te converteren bruikbaar voor andere organismen, stikstofbinding genoemd. Daarom is stikstof een hele beperkte voedingsstof in het ecosysteem.

Nadat de bodembacteriën het gas in ammoniak omgezet hebben, kunnen planten de stikstof omzetten in proteïnen, DNA en andere organische moleculen, die worden geconsumeerd door herbivoren en worden afgebroken tot aminozuren. Deze kunnen worden samengesteld tot bruikbare proteïnen om te groeien en ontwikkelen, en voeding voor consumenten. Tegelijkertijd reïntroduceren herbivoren en consumenten wat stikstof terug in de bodem als afvalproducten.

Zowel dode organismen en afvalproducten bevatten stikstof in de vorm van proteïnen, ureum en urinezuur. Reducenten, zoals bacteriën en schimmels kunnen deze moleculen afbreken, waarbij ze ammoniak in de bodem herintroduceren, wat door planten kan worden opgenomen of worden omgevormd tot nitraten door nitrificerende bacteriën. Deze nitraten kunnen ook worden opgenomen door planten, of bij gebrek aan zuurstof, worden omgevormd tot stikstof door denitrificerende bacteriën.

Mensen introduceren ook stikstof in het ecosysteem door kunstmatige meststoffen te gebruiken. Bij gebruik op het verkeerde moment of in grote hoeveelheden kan overtollig stikstof aquatische ecosystemen binnenstromen en de groei van bacteriën, algen en waterplanten bevorderen, een proces dat eutrofiëring wordt genoemd.

de stikstofcyclus

Stikstofatomen, aanwezig in alle eiwitten en DNA, worden gerecycled tussen abiotische en biotische componenten van het ecosysteem. De belangrijkste vorm van stikstof op aarde is echter stikstofgas, dat door de meeste dieren en planten niet kan worden gebruikt. Stikstofgas moet dus eerst door stikstofbindende bacteriën in een bruikbare vorm worden omgezet voordat het door andere levende organismen kan worden gecirculeerd. Het gebruik van stikstofhoudende meststoffen en dierlijke afvalproducten in de menselijke landbouw heeft de natuurlijke stikstofcyclus sterk beïnvloed.

<h4>Biologische stikstofcyclus</h4>

Ongeveer 78% van de lucht die we inademen bestaat uit stikstofgas. In deze vorm, N2, kunnen echter maar weinig organismen het gebruiken. Stikstof vormt essentiële moleculen in alle organismen, zoals eiwitten en DNA. Omdat ze de atmosferische vorm van stikstof niet kunnen gebruiken, gebruiken de meeste organismen de bijproducten van stikstofbindende en nitrificerende prokaryoten. Bij stikstoffixatie wordt stikstofgas (N2) omgezet in ammoniak (NH3), terwijl bij nitrificatie NH3 wordt omgezet in nitrieten (NO2-) en nitraten (NO3-). Planten kunnen de ammoniak en nitraten direct gebruiken, en plantenetende organismen verkrijgen stikstof door planten in te nemen. Wanneer deze organismen afsterven, kunnen bacteriën in de bodem de organische stikstof omzetten in ammoniak in een proces dat ammonificatie wordt genoemd. Door denitrificatie kunnen aërobe bacteriën ammoniak vervolgens omzetten in stikstofgas dat weer in de atmosfeer vrijkomt, waardoor de cyclus wordt voltooid.

<h4>Stikstof zinkt</h4>

Het primaire reservoir voor langdurige opslag van stikstof is stikstofgas in de atmosfeer. Er zijn echter andere, kleinere stikstofputten in het ecosysteem. Stikstof kan relatief lange tijd worden vastgehouden in moerassen, mariene sedimenten en sedimentair gesteente. Omdat stikstofverbindingen echter zeer oplosbaar zijn in water, kan door verwering van sedimentair gesteente stikstof weer in het ecosysteem vrijkomen.

<h4>Menselijke invloed op de stikstofcyclus</h4>

Omdat stikstof vaak een beperkende factor is voor de plantengroei in natuurlijke omgevingen, voegen boeren stikstof toe aan de bodem als meststof om de landbouwopbrengst te verhogen. Afvloeiing van landbouwproducten in aquatische ecosystemen kan leiden tot eutrofiëring en onnatuurlijk snelle groei van giftige algensoorten. Het grootbrengen van grote aantallen vee kan ook de hoeveelheid stikstofafval in de bodem en in lokale waterbronnen vergroten.

De stikstofcyclus

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

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nitrogen in soil and living things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs.

About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3). Nitrification then changes ammonia into nitrites (NO2-) and nitrates (NO3-). Plants can use ammonia and nitrates directly. Plant-eating organisms get nitrogen by eating plants.

When organisms die, soil bacteria break down organic nitrogen and convert it into ammonia. This process is called ammonification. Aerobic bacteria can then carry out denitrification and convert ammonia into nitrogen gas that returns to the atmosphere. That return of nitrogen gas completes the cycle.

The main long-term reservoir for nitrogen is nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. Smaller nitrogen sinks also store nitrogen for long periods. These include swamps, marine sediments, and sedimentary rock. Because nitrogen compounds dissolve easily in water, weathering of sedimentary rock can release nitrogen back into the ecosystem.

Human activity can change the nitrogen cycle. Farmers add nitrogen to soil as fertilizer because nitrogen is often a limiting factor for plant growth in natural environments. This can increase agricultural yield. However, runoff from farms can enter aquatic ecosystems and cause eutrophication, which leads to unnaturally rapid growth of toxic algae species. Large numbers of livestock can also increase the amount of nitric waste in soil and local water sources.

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

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Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

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GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

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Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

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what are biogeochemical cycles?

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the carbon cycle

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the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

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Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

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Follow nitrogen as it moves from air to soil, plants, and animals, and see how bacteria, fertilizers, and runoff shape the cycle in ecosystems.

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Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

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