Name: phosphorus movement in soil and water
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Phosphorus Cycle

- [Verteller] In de fosforcyclus, bestaan fosforatomen voornamelijk in gesteente, niet in een gasvormige toestand. Wanneer steen erodeert, komt het fosfor vrij en lost het op in beken, meren en grondwater. Planten en algen gebruiken deze vrije anorganische fosfaten in de bodem of water om organische moleculen te produceren.

Vervolgens, door de planten te consumeren, tikken de heterotrofen de fosforvoorraden aan om hun eigen verbindingen te bouwen. Wanneer organismen afsterven, breken ontbinders de fosformoleculen af en geven ze anorganisch fosfaat af om opnieuw te worden gebruikt door planten en algen, een proces dat fosfaatmineralisatie wordt genoemd. Hoewel fosfaten snel door organismen in de voedselketen stromen, hebben ze een langere verblijftijd in water.

Opgeloste fosfaationen reageren om onoplosbare verbindingen te vormen, die neerslaan in de oceaan en vervolgens sediment worden, vervolgens gesteente en als gevolg van tektonische verheffing, uiteindelijk terugkeren naar het milieu. Omdat de hoeveelheid fosfor in het milieu beperkt is, moet het echter als meststof aan landbouwgewassen worden verstrekt om maximale opbrengst te krijgen. Overtollig fosfor wordt afgevloeid in aquatische ecosystemen, resulterend in een variëteit van milieuproblemen zoals algenbloei.

de fosforcyclus

In tegenstelling tot koolstof, water en stikstof is fosfor niet als gas in de atmosfeer aanwezig. In plaats daarvan bestaat het meeste fosfor in het ecosysteem als verbindingen, zoals fosfaationen (PO43-), die worden aangetroffen in bodem, water, sediment en rotsen. Fosfor is vaak een beperkende voedingsstof (d.w.z. schaars). Bijgevolg wordt fosfor toegevoegd aan de meeste landbouwmeststoffen, wat milieuproblemen kan veroorzaken die relatie houden met de afvoer in aquatische ecosystemen.

<h4>Biologische fosforcyclus</h4>

Fosfor is aanwezig in veel belangrijke biologische structuren, zoals DNA, celmembranen, botten en tanden. Het is niet in gasvorm in de atmosfeer aanwezig, maar wordt aangetroffen in mineralen, sediment, vulkanische as en aërosolen. Naarmate rotsen en sediment in de loop van de tijd verweren, komt er anorganisch fosfaat vrij, dat geleidelijk de bodem en het oppervlaktewater bereikt. Planten absorberen en integreren deze fosfaten in organische moleculen. Dieren verkrijgen en nemen fosfaten op door planten en andere dieren te consumeren. Wanneer planten en dieren afsterven of afval uitscheiden, keren organische fosfaten terug naar de bodem en worden ze door bacteriën afgebroken – in een proces dat fosfaatmineralisatie wordt genoemd – tot anorganische vormen die opnieuw door planten kunnen worden gebruikt.

<h4>Geochemische fosforcyclus</h4>

Natuurlijke afvoer kan fosfaten naar rivieren, meren en de oceaan transporteren, waar ze kunnen worden opgenomen door in het water levende organismen. Wanneer waterorganismen afsterven of afval uitscheiden, kunnen fosforhoudende verbindingen naar de oceaanbodem zinken en uiteindelijk sedimentaire lagen vormen. Gedurende duizenden jaren kan geologische opwaartse beweging fosforhoudende rotsen uit de oceaan naar het land terugbrengen.

<h4>Menselijke invloed op de fosforcyclus</h4>

Net als stikstof is fosfor vaak een beperkende factor bij de plantengroei in natuurlijke omgevingen, wat heeft geleid tot de landbouwpraktijk om fosfor aan meststoffen toe te voegen om de gewasopbrengst te vergroten. De agrarische afvloeiing van deze praktijk kan echter de snelle groei van aquatische producenten stimuleren, wat een verscheidenheid aan milieuproblemen veroorzaakt.

De fosforcyclus

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

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phosphorus movement in soil and water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments.

Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then moves into soil and surface water.

Plants absorb phosphate and build it into organic molecules. Animals get phosphorus by eating plants and other animals. When plants and animals die or excrete waste, organic phosphates return to the soil. Bacteria break them down through phosphate mineralization and convert them back into inorganic forms that plants can use again.

Runoff can carry phosphates into rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Aquatic organisms can take in this phosphorus. When they die or excrete waste, phosphorus-containing compounds may sink to the ocean floor and form sediment layers. Over thousands of years, geological uplift can bring phosphorus-rich rocks back onto land.

Human activity also affects the phosphorus cycle. Farmers add phosphorus to fertilizers because it can limit plant growth and crop yield. But fertilizer runoff can reach aquatic ecosystems. There, it can trigger rapid growth of aquatic producers and create environmental problems.

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

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Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how phosphorus moves from rocks to soil, plants, animals, and water, and how fertilizer runoff can disrupt aquatic ecosystems.

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Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

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