Name: dalton’s laws and early atomic ideas
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 59 s
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9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

The Atomic Theory of Matter

De Oude Grieken zoals Democritus brachten voor het eerst het idee van atomos naar voren, de kleinste ondeelbare eenheid van materie. Dit concept werd later naar voren gebracht als de Atomic Theory door de Engelse wetenschapper John Dalton. Het eerste postulaat van de atoomtheorie van Dalton suggereert dat elementen zijn samengesteld uit kleine ondeelbare deeltjes die atomen worden genoemd.Waterstof bestaat bijvoorbeeld uit twee aan elkaar gebonden waterstofatomen en zuurstof bestaat uit twee aan elkaar gebonden zuurstofatomen. Het tweede postulaat stelt dat hoewel atomen van hetzelfde element identiek zijn, ze verschillen van de atomen van andere elementen. Alle waterstofatomen zijn dus identiek aan elkaar, maar verschillen van zuurstofatomen.Het derde postulaat stelt dat atomen van verschillende elementen met elkaar kunnen combineren, in eenvoudige verhoudingen van hele getallen, om verbindingen te vormen. Twee waterstofatomen en één zuurstofatoom combineren bijvoorbeeld in een verhouding van 2 op 1 om H2O water te vormen. Het laatste postulaat van de theorie van Dalton stelt dat chemische reacties de atomen van een element niet veranderen in atomen van een ander element;in plaats daarvan herschikken de bestaande atomen zichzelf om nieuwe substanties te vormen.Tijdens de vorming van water worden bestaande waterstof-en zuurstofatomen niet gecreëerd of vernietigd, ze herschikken alleen. Dalton bouwde zijn atoomtheorie op twee eerdere wetten van chemische reacties De wet van behoud van massa en de wet van bepaalde proporties. De wet van behoud van massa stelt dat de totale massa voor en na een chemische reactie constant blijft.Dus 18 gram water valt uiteen in 2 gram waterstof en 16 gram zuurstof. De wet van constante massaverhouding stelt dat onafhankelijk van de bron, in een bepaalde chemische verbinding, de massaverhouding van samenstellende elementen altijd vast blijft. Zo zal een monster van zuiver water altijd een massaverhouding van 1 tot 8 hebben van waterstof tot zuurstof, ongeacht de totale massa van het water.Dalton stelde vervolgens de wet van meerdere proporties voor op basis van zijn eigen theorie. Volgens deze wet, wanneer twee elementen worden gecombineerd om meer dan één verbinding te vormen, worden verschillende massa's van één element gecombineerd met de vaste massa van het andere element in een kleine verhouding van hele getallen. Dus een vaste massa waterstof, 2 g, combineert met verschillende massa's zuurstof, 32 of 16 gram, in een kleine verhouding van het hele getal van 2 tot 1, om twee verschillende verbindingen te vormen waterstofperoxide en water.

de atoomtheorie van materie

De vroegste bekende discussie over de basisstructuur van materie is afkomstig van de oude Griekse filosofen. Leucippus en Democritus beweerde dat alle materie was opgebouwd uit kleine, eindige deeltjes die zij “atomos” noemden, wat “ondeelbaar” betekent. Later concludeerden Aristoteles en anderen dat materie bestond uit verschillende combinaties van de vier “elementen” —vuur, aarde, lucht en water—en oneindig deelbaar was. Opvallend is dat deze filosofen atomen en elementen slechts als filosofische concepten beschouwden en geen experimenten uitvoerden om hun ideeën te testen. De Aristotelische opvatting over de samenstelling van materie bleef ruim tweeduizend jaar dominant, totdat de Engelse wetenschapper John Dalton in 1807 de chemie revolutioneerde. Hij stelde dat het gedrag van materie kon worden verklaard door middel van een atoomtheorie. Veel van Daltons hypothesen over de microscopische eigenschappen van materie blijven tot op heden leidend binnen de moderne atoomtheorie. Postulaten van Daltons atoomtheorie: <ol> <li>Materie bestaat uit de kleinst mogelijke deeltjes, atomen genoemd. Een atoom is de kleinste eenheid van een element die kan deelnemen aan een chemische reactie.</li> <li>Een element bestaat uit slechts één type atoom. Alle atomen van dat element zijn hetzelfde. Een macroscopisch monster van een element bevat een ongelooflijk groot aantal atomen, die allemaal identieke chemische eigenschappen hebben.</li> <li>Atomen van verschillende elementen verschillen in hun eigenschappen.</li> <li>Een verbinding bestaat uit atomen van twee of meer elementen in een kleine, evenwichtige verhouding. In een bepaalde verbinding blijven de aantallen atomen van elk element altijd in dezelfde verhouding aanwezig.</li> <li>Atomen worden niet gecreëerd of vernietigd tijdens een chemische reactie. Ze worden herverdeeld om nieuwe stoffen te vormen.</li> </ol> Dalton baseerde zijn theorie op drie fundamentele wetten van chemische reacties: (1) De wet van behoud van massa, (2) De wet van bepaalde verhoudingen en (3) De wet van meervoudige verhoudingen. Daltons atoomtheorie biedt een microscopische verklaring voor de vele macroscopische eigenschappen van materie. De wet van behoud van massa werd ontdekt door de Franse scheikundige Antoine Lavoisier. Het stelt dat atomen niet worden gecreëerd of vernietigd tijdens een chemische verandering; de totale massa materie die aanwezig is wanneer materie van het ene type naar het andere verandert, blijft constant. Dalton kende ook de experimenten van de Franse scheikundige Joseph Proust, die aantoonde dat alle monsters van een zuivere verbinding dezelfde elementen in dezelfde massaverhouding bevatten. Deze verklaring staat bekend als de wet van bepaalde proporties of de wet van constante samenstelling. De suggestie dat het aantal atomen van de elementen in een bepaalde verbinding altijd in dezelfde verhouding bestaat, is consistent met deze waarnemingen. Dalton gebruikte ook gegevens van Proust, evenals resultaten van zijn eigen experimenten, om een andere interessante wet te formuleren. De wet van meerdere verhoudingen stelt dat wanneer twee elementen reageren om meer dan één verbinding te vormen, een vaste massa van één element zal reageren met de massa van de andere elementen in een verhouding van kleine, hele getallen. De theorie van Dalton bood een raamwerk dat later werd uitgebreid om aan te tonen dat het atoom is samengesteld uit subatomaire deeltjes en dat atomen van hetzelfde element in massa kunnen verschillen, ook wel isotopen genoemd. Deze tekst is aangepast van <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-1-early-ideas-in-atomic-theory">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Sectie 2.1: Vroege ideeën in de atoomtheorie.</a>

De atoomtheorie van materie

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

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dalton’s laws and early atomic ideas

Dalton’s atomic theory explains matter with atoms, elements, and compounds. It also shows how chemical changes follow simple laws. This idea gave chemistry a microscopic model for what can be seen in the lab.

The earliest recorded ideas about matter came from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus said all matter was made of tiny, finite particles called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Aristotle and others later argued that matter was made from four elements: fire, earth, air, and water. They also believed matter could be divided forever, and these ideas were treated as philosophy rather than experiments.

That view lasted for more than two thousand years. Then English scientist John Dalton changed chemistry with an atomic theory of matter. He first published it in 1807. Many of his ideas still fit modern atomic theory.

Dalton’s postulates describe matter at the atomic level. Matter is made of extremely small particles called atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that can take part in a chemical change. An element contains only one type of atom, and atoms of the same element have the same characteristic mass and chemical properties. Atoms of different elements have different properties. A compound is made of atoms of two or more elements joined in a small, whole-number ratio, and the ratio stays the same in a given compound. During a chemical change, atoms are not created or destroyed. They are rearranged into new substances.

Dalton built his theory using three key laws of chemistry. The law of conservation of mass says mass stays constant during a chemical change, a result linked to Antoine Lavoisier. The law of definite proportions, also called the law of constant composition, says every pure sample of a compound contains the same elements in the same mass ratio, as shown by Joseph Proust. Dalton also used the law of multiple proportions, which says that when two elements form more than one compound, fixed masses of one element combine with the other in small whole-number ratios.

Dalton’s atomic theory gives a microscopic explanation for macroscopic matter. It also helped later scientists show that atoms contain subatomic particles. Later work also showed that atoms of the same element can differ in mass, which are called isotopes.

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

the atomic theory of matter

Dalton’s atomic theory explains matter with atoms, elements, and compounds. It also shows how chemical changes follow simple laws. This idea gave chemistry a microscopic model for what can be seen in the lab. The earliest recorded ideas about matter came from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus said all matter was made of tiny, finite particles called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Aristotle and others later argued that matter was made from four elements: fire, earth, air, and...

subatomic particles

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Average atomic mass explains why many elements on the periodic table have decimal values. Atoms are extremely small, so scientists use the atomic mass unit, or amu, to measure them. A carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g, and the amu is defined from carbon-12. One amu is exactly 1/12 the mass of one carbon-12 atom, which is 1.6605 × 10−24 g. The dalton (Da) and the unified atomic mass unit (u) mean the same thing as the amu. For a single atom, atomic mass is usually close to its mass...

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Explore Dalton’s atomic theory, the laws of conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions, plus the early ideas that shaped modern chemistry.

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas | JoVE K12

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Matter And Its Interactions

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Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Study Of Matter

Atoms

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Matter and Its Interactions

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PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

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